Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fungi And Civilizations > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Plant Quarantine Act

A
  • passed as a result of Chestnut Blight

- passed to reduce the chances of such a catastrophe happening again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is disease?

A
  • sustained physiological or structural damage to tissues

- abnormal functioning of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

George W. Hudler

A
  • author of Magical Mushrooms and Molds book
  • Plant Disease: Ergot and Cereal Rusts
  • talked about Ergotism (Ergot- small grain disease) and affects on history
  • ergot found particularly in rye
  • LSA-> LSD, attempted use in Cold war, possibly a cause of the Salem witch trials hysteria, famous figures who used LSD
  • Wheat rust major cause of famine because there was no wheat alternative (sent Israelites to Egypt)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chestnut Blight Pathogen

A
  • caused by fungus pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica
  • introduced in the NY Zoological Garden in the Bronx (Herman Merkel found odd cankers on the Am Chestnut trees in the park)
  • rapid and sudden death of many branches stems and trees
  • asexual and sexual reproduction via ascospores
  • was the beginning of the end for American Chestnut trees in North American forests
  • no control attempts (chemical treatments, clearing, burning infection sites) were successful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Positive uses of Ergot

A
  1. decoctions made by boiling ergot sclerotia in water was used to induce labor in pregnant women
  2. ergot decoctions with alkaloids causing constriction of blood vessels was used after child birth to stop post delivery hemorrhaging in mothers
  3. CIA tried to use it for battle purposes
  4. research as a psychotherapeutic tool
  5. medicinal uses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Redwoods of the East (american chestnut trees) Characteristics

A
  • dominant tree in the eastern hardwood forest
  • mature chestnuts could be 600 years old
  • straight and tall (100 feet)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How to cope with Cryphonectria parasitica pathogen

A
  1. breed blight resistant Oriental chestnuts with American chestnuts in hopes of getting hybrids that grow like American chestnuts but have blight resistances
    - backcrossing helped join disease resistance with desirable growth habit in the same tree
  2. Hypovirulence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Correlation between ergot and Salem Witch trials

A
  • it was recorded that people experienced symptoms directly correlating with ergotism
  • it affected adolescents more who are also more sensitive to the affects of alkaloids
  • the geographic distribution of the witch trials was also a factor, the diets of those afflicted and climates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Potato blight disease

A
  • Ireland was very reliant on potatoes and there was less growth of them
  • caused huge famine in Ireland because England taxed them and took their food while they starved
  • eventually US began giving them staple crop of corn, but their digestive systems were not used to it and it took painful weeks to readjust
  • caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are signs of disease?

A
  • indication of disease by direct observation of a pathogen, or its parts
    ex: the fungus itself is the sign
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Modern Marvels: 4 fields of business/research

A
  1. Medicinal Mushroom research/uses
  2. Mold remediators (exterminators for mold)
  3. Mushroom Farming (Phillips Mushroom farm)
  4. Environmental Projects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Saprotroph

A
  • organism that uses dead organic material for food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stachybotrys are dangerous why? Symptoms

A
  • they have the ability to produce mycotoxins (suspected carcinogens and immunosuppressive)
  • dermatitis, fever, cough, nose bleeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two most catastrophic tree diseases

A
  1. Chestnut Blight

2. Dutch Elm Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Environmental Hazards of SBS Include?

A
  1. lead paint/lead
  2. tobacco smoke
  3. Pesticides
  4. Allergens
  5. Combustion gases
  6. household chemicals
  7. radons
  8. asbestos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is sick building syndrome, or “sick house”

A
  • a situation in which occupants of a building experience acute health effects that seem to be linked to time spent in a building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified
  • grows freely in air conditioning systems and on fiberglass insulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you indicate a disease symptom?

A
  • the reaction of the host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is Cryphonectria parasitica pathogen dispersed?

A
  • animals and insects

- rain splash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Resistance of Cryphonectria parasitica pathogen

A
  • little chance for resistance to evolve
  • sprouts typically killed before they become sexually mature
  • sexual reproduction is ratre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cryphonectria parasitica fungus/pathogens current status

A
  • reduced to short live sprouting understory tree
  • fungus can not survive below ground
  • roots continue to live and they send up stump sprouts
  • stump sprouts grow until infected, the stump resprouts again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Indoor Sources/Pollutants of Sick Building Syndrome Molds

A
  1. outdoor air pollutants
  2. chemicals from cleaning products, fumes from paints or solvents, released from modern building and furnishing materials
  3. animal hair and dander
  4. cigarette smoke
  5. combustion gases from fireplaces and woodburning stoves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Convulsive ergotism

A
  • contains the chemical ergine
  • symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, sensation of ants crawling over the body (formication), vivid hallucinations, twitching, grotesque distortion of limbs and seizures (uncontrollable convulsions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Indicators of sick building syndrome?

A
  • acute discomfort such as
    1. headache
    2. dry cough
    3. eye, nose or throat irritation
    4. dry or itchy skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A
  • imported European or Spanish Chestnut (Castanea sativa)

- grafted it onto native root stocks at Monticello

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The disease triangle

A
  • plant disease will occur unless one of these factors is deleted
  1. pathogen (fungus, bacterium, virus)
  2. Host (plant that can get sick)
  3. Environment (favorable conditions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Symptoms of Chestnut Blight

A
  • wilting leaves

- cankers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Stachybotrys Species growth/exposure

A
  • grows on water damaged cellulose rich material

- inhalation, ingestion, dermal exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where were potatoes originally grown?

A
  • Spaniards found them in South america
  • brought them home to European lands
  • easy to grow, could grow anywhere and in bulk
  • popular in poorer areas like Ireland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Necrotroph/non-obligate parasite

A
  • parasitic fungi that can derive their nutrients and energy from dead cells of other organisms (host)
  • does not require another living organism to live and multiply
30
Q

Pathogen

A
  • a biotic/living agent that causes disease

- fungi, bacteria, virus

31
Q

Ergonovine

A
  • a second alkaloid in ergot sclerotia

- chemical that causes spontaneous abortions in human females and animals

32
Q

Cryphonectria parasitica Distribution

A
  • reported through native range of american chestnut
  • destroyed all chestnut trees in the eastern US
  • major forest tree(Am chestnuts) had been reduced to multiple-stemmed forest shrub
  • rain splash distributed the ascospores
33
Q

How does the Cryphonectria parasitica pathogen kill the tree?

A
  • enters through fissures or wounds in the bark
  • grows in and under the bark, girdling the cambium
  • kills the tree above the point of infection
  • leaves above the point of infection die, followed by the limbs
  • leaves a forest shrub
  • takes 2-10 years entire tree dead
  • many cankers can be on one tree
34
Q

Common indoor molds include

A
  1. Stachybotrys
  2. Aspergillus
  3. Penicillium
  4. Cadasporium
  5. Fusarium
35
Q

Wrath of grapes

- cause, originated

A
  • cause was “powdery mildews”
  • first time the grape powdery mildew most likely originated in North America, where it was common on wild grapes came from stock shipped to Europe for hybridization experiments
  • second time a fungus pathogen also from North America shipped to Europe for insect pest resistance experiments caused “downy mildew”
36
Q

American Chestnut Tree locations

A
  • Main to Georgia and west to Ohio and Tennessee
  • made up 25% or more of mixed stands
  • formed pure stands on many dry Appalachian ridgetops and near densely populated areas
37
Q

Breed for resistance

A
  • select resistance genes

- put resistance genes in seedlings with genetic modifications

38
Q

The Egyptians and Israelites relationship because of Rust

A
  • Egyptians stored enough grains to get through the lean years, but the tribes of Israel did not have enough when there was crop failure no wheat alternative (wheat rust)
  • Israelites moved to Egypt in search of food, at first welcomed but has years passed were scorned and subjected to brutal oppression
  • Eventually they escaped into the desert under Moses leadership
39
Q

The American Chestnut Foundations Mission

A
  • restore the american chestnut tree to our eastern woodlands to benefit our environment, our wildlife and our society
40
Q

Dangers of ergot

A
  • ergot sclerotia contains a wide variety of chemicals known as alkaloids
  • hazardous to the health of humans and other animals
  • found in rye
  • most epidemics of ergotism occurred in France
41
Q

Ecological importance of american chestnut trees

A
  • wildlife depended on the abundant crop of chestnuts, source of food
  • many species of insects fed on the leaves, flowers and nuts
  • resistant to decay
  • fast growing
  • straight-grained and easy to work with
  • people in the west utilized it from “cradle to casket”
  • was their major source of income
42
Q

Significance of the Chestnut Blight

A
  • destroyed all chestnut trees in the eastern US

- reduced it to understory species

43
Q

Cryphonectria parasitica signs

A
  • fruiting bodies

- infects trunk and branches (only above ground parts of trees)

44
Q

Cryphonectria parasitica pathogen characteristics

A
  • ascomycota
  • perithecia (perithecium- sing)
  • asci with ascospores
45
Q

Host of the Chestnut Blight

A
  • American chestnut tree
    (Castanea dentata)
  • serious pathogen for American and European Chestnuts (Jap and Chinese not as much)
  • moderate pathogen on Chinquapin and Live Oak
  • can also infect numerous Oak species in US
46
Q

The molds that grew in your petri dish were most likely ______ fungi in the species ________

A
  • asexual

- Ascomycota

47
Q

Ergot

A
  • refers to the sclerotia and the plant disease caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea
  • infects important staples such as wheat, barley, oats and rye (host plants)
48
Q

Biotroph/obligate parasite

A
  • organism that can live and multiply only on another living organism
49
Q

Effects of the famine on the Irish population

A
  • had a pop of about 8 million and by 2011 there is about 4.487 million
  • strong resentment between the Irish and English
  • from fear of another famine many families left and moved (emigration of the Irish)
  • Irish influences on US(North America) and Canada
  • “Paddies” were not welcome in N.A by people, only employers who needed manual labor accepted them. Participation in the Am Civil War helped Irish overcome social barriers
  • origin of the plant pathology discipline
50
Q

Viceland Magic Mushrooms/in class : Alan Rockefeller

A
  • psilocybe mushroom hunter
  • an interview with Alan Rockefeller about Native psilocybe mushrooms
  • talked in class about the general Mushrooms of Mexico
51
Q

Powdery Mildews Characteristics

A
  • ubiquitous (found everywhere)

- wide host range

52
Q

St. Anthony’s fire

A
  • the staff of a hospital in Vienna dedicated to the memory of St Anthony undertook a successful campaign to treat patients afflicted with ergotism
  • so the disease became known as St. Anthony’s fire
53
Q

Gangrenous ergotism

A
  • contains the chemical ergotamine
  • completely restricts blood flow to parts of the body
  • causes shedding of nails to the loss of hands and feet
  • blood starved limbs dry up, turn black and fall off
  • feelings of intense heat precede the complete loss of sensation in diseased limbs thats why it was called “plague of fire” or “holy fire”
54
Q

Why were the Irish reliant on potatoes?

A
  • farmers were poor, Irish peasants relied heavily on them

- only crop they could grow to feed themselves

55
Q

What was downy mildew? Who did the downy mildew of grape affect?

A
  • the fungus pathogen Plasmopara viticola caused a leaf and fruit disease called “downy mildew”
  • nearly destroyed the European wine industry
  • powdery white substance on vines and fruit of grapes which rotted and died
  • destroyed 80% of grapes in vineyards
56
Q

Toxic alkaloids are produced by what fungus?

A
  • ergot fungus and are called mycotoxins

- toxic to humans and other animals

57
Q

Dutch Elm Disease

A
  • first identified in N.A
  • caused by a fungus that had 2 asexual and a sexual stage with another fungus
  • the interaction of the pathogen with elm bark beetles causes the spread of vectors for this disease
  • first symptom was when leaves on individual trees droop and turn yellow, called “flagging”
  • another symptom was a brown ring of discolored wood
  • has changed the way urban trees are planted
58
Q

What does mold need to grow

A
  • food source
  • temperature of 40-100 degrees
  • moisture as water or humidity between 30-60% (only controllable growth component)
59
Q

Viceland Magic Mushrooms Summary

A
  • Aztec/Mexico psilocybin hallucinogens
  • story of psilocybin containing mushrooms
  • hallucinogens
  • Hamilton visited the town where Gordon Wasson visited and later wrote about his psilocybin trip
  • visited psychoactive mushroom growers and collectors
  • included an interview with Alan Rockefeller about Native psilocybe mushrooms
60
Q

Why is Phytophthora infestans still a problem?

A
  • grew asexually, so fungicides and disease resistant varieties could protect the potato crop
  • compatible mating type in Europe, NA and SA
  • sexual reproduction allowed for rapid change
  • resistant potatoes were no longer resistant to fungicides
  • tomatoes are a good host
61
Q

How did the pathogen Phytophthora infestans affect the Germans

A
  • wiped out bumper crop because Kaiser had all surplus potatoes stored
  • blighted potatoes in warm storage caused all to rot
  • stench vacations
  • no copper to spray, used shells for cases
  • their fields were infected, they starved and then were defeated
62
Q

Claviceps purpurea causes, origin and characteristics

A
  • caused terror in France
  • a fungus in the ascomycete species, sac fungi
  • produce a resting structure called sclerotia that will eventually germinate and shoot ascospores
  • grows in the flowers or cereal grains
63
Q

Albert Hoffman

A
  • worked for a Swiss firm, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals
  • focused on an ergot alkaloid compound called lysergic acid (LSD)
  • accidentally absorbed it through his skin and felt the effects began self-experimenting, realized he found a psychoactive drug of immense power
  • The CIA became interested in this drug because they were looking for a mind control agent that would allow them to interrogate suspected spies without them knowing that this had occurred
64
Q

What is disease caused by?

A
  1. biological agents (fungi, bacteria)
  2. nonbiological agents (wind, weather)
  3. combination of biotic or abiotic stress
65
Q

What caused famine in the Middle East

A
  • diseases known as stem rust, leaf rust and stripe rust on cereal grains such as wheat, barley, rye and oats
  • associated with the Biblical days
66
Q

How to control the downy mildew of grapes?

A
  • first fungicide was developed

- noticed lush, disease-free grapes and sprayed them with a mixture of copper sulfate and lime (Bordeaux mixture)

67
Q

Modern Marvels: 4 benefits of Fungi

A
  1. Medicinal Uses (Penicillin)
  2. Food sources (blue cheese)
  3. Biocontrol
  4. Fuel Production
68
Q

Importance of the American Chestnut trees (its uses)

A
  • most timber volume of any species of chestnut
  • major source of tannin for leather production (6-11% tannin content)
  • chestnuts
69
Q

Modern Marvels: 4 disadvantages of Fungi

A
  1. Some are toxic (mycotoxins)
  2. Can spoil food
  3. Fungal infections (Athlete’s Foot)
  4. Pathogens destroy crops
70
Q

Who is sensitive to SBS?

A
  1. elderly
  2. infants and children
  3. immune compromised people
  4. people with existing respiratory conditions
71
Q

Anton DeBary

A
  • found the cause of the potato blight agent Phytophthora infestans
  • fungus survived as hyphae in previously infected tubers (potatoes) and plant parts
72
Q

Viceland Magic Mushrooms: Maria Sabina

A
  • Mushroom Shaman
  • introduced mushroom festivals and rituals
  • caused knowledge of “Magical Mushrooms” to spread

Fungi And Civilizations (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions