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Fungi And Civilizations > Chapter 9 (exam 2 start) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (exam 2 start) Flashcards

1
Q

Most dangerous groups of Toxic Mushrooms

A
  1. Amanitas (90%)
  2. Little Brown Mushrooms (LBMS)
  3. False morels (mistaken for delicacies)
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2
Q

Disulfiram-like Toxins mode of action to cure

A
  • Antabuse
  • it is a drug to induce vomiting in alcoholics
  • do not drink alcohol 24-48 hours within eating mushroom (before or after)
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3
Q

Magic mushrooms include:

A
  • psilocybe, Panaelous, Conocybe and Gymnopilus
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4
Q

What are symptoms of Gyromitrin poisoning, or monomethylhydrazine (MMH)?

A
  • causes hemolysis of red blood cells
  • patients suffer from nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, faintness, loss of muscle control and fever
  • in severe cases, jaundice and convulsions, coma or death can occur after 2-7 days
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5
Q

How does the active principle collect in Muscimol?

A
  • active principle collects in the urine

- Drinking urine is way to recycle inebriant

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6
Q

What is an Amanitin?

A
  • highly poisonous chemical

- no legal antidote in the US

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7
Q

How was Nicholas Evans and his family poisoned? Who was Nicholas Evans?

A
  • author of the horse whisperer

- poisoned after eating Cartinarius speciosissimus, which he thought was a bolete

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8
Q

False morels can be identified by:

A
  • wrinkled, irregular caps
  • may be black, gray, white, brown or reddish
  • cap has lobes, folds or flaps, not pits and ridges like a true morel (delicacy)
  • bottom edge hangs free around the stem like a skirt.
    In true morels the bottom edge is attatched
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9
Q

What is the most common toxin of the groups

A
  • Gastrointestinal Irritants
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10
Q

Highest death rates of mushroom poisoning occur with what people groups

A
  • children less than 10 years old, the elderly and immigrants
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11
Q

Amanita muscaria

A
  • fly agaric, contains muscarine and muscimol
  • muscimol causes hallucinations
  • muscarine has a toxic affect
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12
Q

How did Emperor Charles VI of Germany and his wife Tsaritsa Natalia Naryshkina die?

A
  • believed to have died from eating the death cap mushroom
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13
Q

What is Muscimol?

A
  • Psychoactive alkaloid that affects the central nervous system
  • hallucinations
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14
Q

Amatoxin Poisoning Stage 4 of Illness

A
  • death takes place within 6-8 days after ingestion due to liver and renal failure, cardiac damage
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15
Q

The genus Amanita is characterized by:

A
  • membranous annulus (remnant of the partial veil)
  • cup like volva (remnant of a universal cell)
  • white gills
  • white spore print
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16
Q

Hydrolyzed gyromitrin produces _____, used for rocket fuel, very toxic causes _____ poisoning

A
  • MMH

- hydrazine

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17
Q

Amatoxins effect

A
  • damage mammalian systems by blocking enzymes associated with RNA replication
  • inhibits new cell formation
  • toxins accumulate in liver
  • liver digests itself
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18
Q

How is Muscarine poisoning treated?

A
  • atropine
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19
Q

Distinguishing features of Amatoxins/Amanitas

A
  • gilled mushrooms

- caps may be white, yellow, red or brown

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20
Q

Categories of mushroom toxins

A
  1. Protoplasmic poisons (death caps)
  2. Neurotoxins (autonomic and central nervous systems)
  3. Disulfiram-like toxins
  4. Gastrointestinal irritants
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21
Q

Why did Peter the Great get to ascend to the throne?

A
  • His father, Tsar Alexis, died after eating A. phalloides

- because of this Peter ascended to the throne and changed the course of history

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22
Q

Types of Disulfiram-like Toxin

A
  • Coprinus atramenarius, the Alcohol Inky
  • Inky caps
  • Coprinus comatus, the edible Shaggy Mane
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23
Q

_________ LBMS contain _____, the same toxin as amanitas, _______

A
  • Galerina

- amatoxins

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24
Q

Gastrointestinal Irritant effects

A
  • abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration
  • usually after about 30 to 90 minutes of eating
  • symptoms clear up spontaneously in 3-4 hours and complete recovery takes about a day or so
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25
Q

What are examples of Neurotoxins?

A
  • Psilocin, metabolite of psilocybin (hallucinogenic mushrooms)
  • little brown mushrooms (LBMS)
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26
Q

Where do amatoxins come from?

A
  • Fungus Amanitas
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27
Q

Hydrazine poisoning by the gyromitrin toxin usually has an ________ response

A
  • all or nothing

- Some people eat them and have no problem, while some people die

28
Q

Why is amatoxin so dangerous?

A
  • Extremely potent and toxic

- Even ingesting a little bit can cause liver ailments throughout life

29
Q

What are examples of Amanitas?

A
  1. Amanita phalloides- death cap

2. Amanita virosa- destroying angel

30
Q

Why is mushroom poisoning on the rise?

A
  • misidentification
  • popularity of mushroom foraging
  • use of insecticides or herbicides on lawns or reserves
  • rising interest in gourmet qualities of mushrooms
31
Q

Where have there been large scale Death Cap Poisonings?

A
  • Spotted at a market in Italy
  • Among villagers in Yunnan province in China
  • Californians ended up with serious liver damage and death for some, after eating them
32
Q

How did Pope Clement VII die?

A
  • excommunicated Henry VIII and then was fed A. phalloides and died
33
Q

Beginner mushroom hunters should avoid all

A
  • parasol shaped mushrooms with white gills
34
Q

Hallucinogenic mushrooms were used by:

A
  1. Aztecs of Mexico

2. Central American Indians

35
Q

Neurotoxins Effects

A
  • acts on one or both
  • autonomic nervous system
  • central nervous system
36
Q

Active compounds of Psilocin

A
  • tryptamines, psilocybin and psilocin
37
Q

What are Disulfiram-like toxins?

A
  • Toxins that are toxic only in combinations with other substances, especially alcohol
  • Mode of action like Antabuse
38
Q

An edible true morel

A
  • Morchella species
39
Q

What do Protoplasmic poisons cause?

A
  • destruction of cells

- organ failure

40
Q

What are examples of mushrooms that contain Muscarine?

A
  • Amanita muscaria
  • Clitocybe
  • Inocybe
    (types of Little Brown and white Mushrooms)
41
Q

Gastrointestinal Irritants examples

A
  • Omphalotus illudens

- Chlorophyllum molybdites

42
Q

PSL syndrome

A
  • perspiration, salivation and lachrymation

- latent period of 30 minutes up to 6 hours before symptoms appear

43
Q

Amatoxin Poisoning Stage 1 of Illness

A
  • Latency or lag period of 10-12 hours

- toxins are absorbed through digestive system and begin to attack the kidneys and liver

44
Q

What is the Gyromitrin toxin so dangerous?

A
  • it is volatile and can be breathed in to cause illness
45
Q

Amatoxin Poisoning Stage 3 of Illness

A
  • severe gastrointestinal phase
  • brief remission of symptoms 3-4 days
  • jaundice sets in, renal disturbances, toxic hepatitis, liver enlarges, hemmoraging of liver
46
Q

What is A. phalloides and what does it stand for?

A
  • Amanita phalloides
  • a lethal mushroom if consumed
  • serious liver damage
47
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • regulates brain and spinal cord
48
Q

Amatoxin Poisoning Stage 2 of Illness

A
  • gastrointestinal phase
  • severe abdominal pains, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, delirium, hallucinations, hypoglycemia, life-threatening deydration
49
Q

How did Tiberius Claudius die?

A
  • roman emperor
  • believed to have died from eating a dish of poisonous mushrooms given to him by his wife and niece, Agrippina, who wanted her son Nero to rule
50
Q

Amanitas are responsible for what percentage of fatal mushroom poisonings in the US?

A
  • 90%
51
Q

pro and con effects of hallucinogenic mushrooms

A
  • pros: giddiness, impaired time and distance perception, marked euphoria, altered feelings and distorted perceptions of touch, sight, sound and taste
  • cons: intense fear, headache as as effects subside, nausea, GIT discomfort, dizziness, anxiety, fears of insanity or losing control
52
Q

Little Brown Mushrooms (LBMS) characteristics

A
  • hard to identify
  • all should be avoided
  • Catchall category, small to medium size with spores of all colors
  • many harmless, some midly poisonous others hallucinogenic, few deadly
53
Q

Muscimol effects

A
  • muscle spasms, dizziness, vomiting, followed by deep sleep full of fantastic dreams
  • creates feeling of elation and an altered perception of reality
  • few deaths associated with this poison, recovery is spontaneous within 24 hours
  • few deaths from this type of poisoning, 10 or more mushrooms is a fatal dose
54
Q

What is Muscarine?

A
  • affects the autonomic nervous system
55
Q

Little Brown Mushrooms are used as experimental treatment for the disorders:

A
  • cluster headaches
  • obsessive compulsive disorder
  • clinical depression
56
Q

Muscarine symptoms

A
  • PSL syndrome
  • stimulates exocrine glands (producers of sweat, saliva and tears)
  • salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pains, thirst, bloody stools, etc
  • in 1% of severe cases convulsions and death
57
Q

How to treat gastrointestinal irritants

A
  • emptying the stomach, monitoring for dehydration, reduced blood pressure, impaired kidney function
58
Q

Primary danger of muscarine toxin

A
  • heart may stop, but very rare
59
Q

How do hallucinogenic mushrooms work?

A
  • Alkaloids interact with brain

- Affect nerve transmission and cause hallucinations

60
Q

Two types of protoplasmic poisons

A
  1. Amatoxins

2. Gyromitrin

61
Q

How can you remove Gyromitrin toxin?

A
  • parboiling of mushroom prior to consumption
62
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • regulates bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, pupillary response, urination and arousal
63
Q

What is Gyromitrin?

A
  • Monomethyl hydrazine that acts on central nervous system
64
Q

What fungi cause Gyromitrin poisoning?

A
  • false morels

- species of Gyromitra and Helvella

65
Q

How is hydrazine used?

A
  • in jet fuels
66
Q

What are Gastrointestinal irritants?

A
  • Wide variety of undetermined toxins associated with wild mushrooms
  • Most common toxin

Fungi And Civilizations (15 decks)

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