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NURS611 Advanced Pathophysiology - AB > Exam 3- Structure And Function Of The Hematologic System > Flashcards

Exam 3- Structure And Function Of The Hematologic System Flashcards

1
Q

Macrophages

A

Do active phagocytosis as part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Process and present antigens. Participate in wound healing.

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2
Q

Dendridic cells

A

Process antigens and present them to lymphocytes

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3
Q

B lymphocytes (plasma cells)

A

Produce antibodies against specific antigens

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4
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells

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5
Q

Monocytes

A

Precursor cells for macrophages

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

The most abundant leukocytes.

Do phagocytosis early and inflammation. Kill bacteria.

When mature, have a multilobed nucleus.

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7
Q

Eosinophils

A

Defend against parasites

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8
Q

Erythrocytes

A

A fully mature red blood cell. Life span of four months.

When mature, do not have a nucleus or other organelles.

Have the capacity to be reversibly deformed, which enables them to squeeze through the sinusoids of the spleen and through the smallest capillaries

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9
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells. Occurs primarily in the bone marrow after birth

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10
Q

Hematopoetic stem cells

A

In the bone marrow. In the vascular niche they are active. And the osteoplastic niche they are dormant.

Can differentiate only into the various types of blood cells

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11
Q

Hemoglobin A molecule

A

Each molecule consists of 4 globin chains and 4 hemes. In order to bind oxygen the iron portion of heme must be ferrous Fe2+

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12
Q

Hepcidin

A

Hormone that regulates absorption of dietary iron.

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13
Q

Iron

A

Red blood cells need iron to make hemoglobin. They use hemoglobin to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

After absorption iron circulates attached to transferrin and is stored inside cells attached to ferritin. Large amounts of this intracellular iron complex gather as hemosiderin.

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14
Q

Platelet adhesion and aggregation

A

Inhibited by nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Triggered by epinephrine, thrombin, and collagen.

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15
Q

Primary lymphoid organ

A

Examples: thymus, bone marrow

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16
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Examples: Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyer patches (in gut)

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17
Q

Sequence of blood cell differentiation

A 
Multipotent stem cell
Hematapoetic stem cell
Common myeloid progenitor cell
Progenitor cell
Blast cell
Fully differentiated blood cell
18
Q

Platelets

A

Also known as thrombocytes, cytoplasmic fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes that are located in the bone marrow.

Store proteins like clotting and growth factors in granules so that they can be released rapidly.

When exposed to sub endothelial collagen, they adhere to the injured area. They will aggregate and form a platelet plug.

19
Q

Platelet plug

A

Stabilized by strands of fibrin.

Platelets can expel the serum from the platelet plug to increase its strength by contracting the aggregated platelets.

20
Q

Fibrin

A

Comes from the action of the thrombin on fibrinogen, an active precursor that circulates in the blood until the clotting system is activated.

Stabilizes platelet plugs.

Fibrin stability is inhibited by plasminogen activators.

21
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid portion of blood with it’s dissolved substances.

Plasma cells= B cells

The most abundant plasma protein is albumin.

22
Q

Serum

A

Plasma minus the clotting

23
Q

Multipotent stem cell

A

Can differentiate into many different types of cells

24
Q

Reticulocyte

A

And immature erythrocyte that has a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

Increased reticulocyte count indicates that bone marrow is making new red blood cells.

25
Q

Ferritin

A

A protein that binds in stores iron.

26
Q

Apoferritin

A

Ferritin that does not have iron attached

27
Q

Mitosis

A

Normal cell division that includes DNA replication, anaphase, and cytokinesis.

28
Q

Endomitosis

A

A type of cell division done by megakaryocyte proginators in which DNA replication occurs, but anaphase and cytokinesis are blocked, that’s producing a cell with a large polyploid nucleus and numerous organelles that fragments into platelets.

29
Q

Progenitor cell

A

Derived from hematopoetic stem cells (HSPs). like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its “target” cell. Differentiate in hematopoiesis.

Two types: myeloid and lymphoid

Progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times.

30
Q

Myeloid progenitor cells

A

Derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSPs). Differentiate into different target blood cells in hematopoiesis.

Become erythrocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and platelets.

31
Q

Lymphoid progenitor cells

A

Derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSPs). Differentiate into different target blood cells in hematopoiesis.

Become T cells, B cells (plasma cells), and natural killer cells.

32
Q

Albumin

A

The most abundant plasma protein

33
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Excreted by the kidneys. Stimulates bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes.

In chronic kidney disease, decreased erythropoietin production results in the bone marrow producing fewer red blood cells, causing anemia.

34
Q

Thrombopoetin

A

Stimulates bone marrow to produce more platelets.

35
Q

Tissue factor

A

Also called tissue thromboplastin. It triggers the extrinsic pathway of clotting.

36
Q

Plasmin

A

An enzyme that degrades fibrin polymers. It’s in active precursor is plasminogen, which is produced by the liver.

37
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Tend to have decreased function in older adults.

38
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Inhibits platelet activation and aggregation

39
Q

Clotting cascade

A

Inhibited by anti-thrombin III, thrombomodulin, protein C, and protein S.

40
Q

Asplenia

A

A spleen usually remove the old red blood cells by using macrophages. Without a spleen, immune cells in the liver take over that job. Those liver cells are called Kupffer cells and are a type of macrophage.

41
Q

Bilirubin

A

When red blood cells die there hemoglobin is taken apart, and a piece of the hemoglobin is changed to bilirubin.

42
Q

D dimer

A

Our bodies make protective enzymes that chop up fibrin in clots. D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product, which means that it is a tiny piece of fibrin clot that a protective enzyme is trying to remove. And elevated D dimer can mean that there is a clot

NURS611 Advanced Pathophysiology - AB (30 decks)

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