Exam 2- Mechanisms Of Hormonal Regulation Flashcards
Pineal gland
A tiny gland in your brain that’s located beneath the back part of the corpus callosum. Your pineal gland’s main job is to help control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin.
Secretes one hormone, melatonin.
A tiny gland in your brain that’s located beneath the back part of the corpus callosum. Your _________________’s main job is to help control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin.
Secretes one hormone, melatonin.
Pineal gland
The hypothalamus is a structure deep within your brain. It’s the main link between your endocrine system and your nervous system. Your hypothalamus keeps your body balanced in a stable state called homeostasis
Your hypothalamus helps manage your:
Body temperature.
Blood pressure.
Hunger and thirst.
Sense of fullness when eating.
Mood.
Sex drive.
Sleep.
Secretes 6 hormones:
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Somatostatin
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin-releasing factor
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Connected to the posterior pituitary by a nerve tracts and to the anterior pituitary by portal blood vessels.
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a structure deep within your brain. It’s the main link between your endocrine system and your nervous system. Your hypothalamus keeps your body balanced in a stable state called homeostasis Your hypothalamus helps manage your: Body temperature. Blood pressure. Hunger and thirst. Sense of fullness when eating. Mood. Sex drive. Sleep. Secretes 6 hormones: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Somatostatin Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Prolactin-releasing factor
Connected to the posterior pituitary by a nerve tracts and to the anterior pituitary by portal blood vessels.
Your ____________________ is one of two lobes that make up your pituitary gland. Your __________________’s main functions are to store and release the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).
Secretes 2 hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Posterior pituitary gland
Your ____________ is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck under your skin. It’s a part of your endocrine system and controls many of your body’s important functions by producing and releasing (secreting) certain hormones. Your ___________’s main job is to control the speed of your metabolism (metabolic rate), which is the process of how your body transforms the food you consume into energy.
Secretes 3 hormones:
T3
T4
Calcitonin
Thyroid gland
_________________, also known as suprarenal glands, are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys. ______________ produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.
Consists of the cortex and the Medulla.
When _____________ don’t produce enough hormones, this can lead to adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease).
Secretes -
Cortisol - Zona Fasciculata - control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation
Aldosterone - Zona Glomerulosa - blood pressure, sodium and potassium
DHEA & Androgenic steroids - Zona reticularis - precursors for estrogens and androgens
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine - adrenal medulla - fight/flight. control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation
Adrenal gland
Part of the adrenal gland.
Cortisol - Zona Fasciculata - control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation
Aldosterone - Zona Glomerulosa - blood pressure, sodium and potassium
DHEA & Androgenic steroids - Zona reticularis - precursors for estrogens and androgens
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Part of the adrenal gland. Release catecholamines.
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine - adrenal medulla - fight/flight. control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation
The ____________ has dual roles - it is an organ of the digestive system and of the endocrine system.
The exocrine ____________ produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein.
The endocrine ____________ makes the hormone insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels.
Releases 4 hormones:
Insulin
Glucagon
Amylin
Somatostatin
Pancreas gland (islets)
The ____________ are two pairs of small, oval-shaped glands. They are located next to the two thyroid gland lobes in the neck. Each gland is usually about the size of a pea.
______________ produce parathyroid hormone, which plays a key role in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood. Precise calcium levels are important in the human body, since small changes can cause muscle and nerve problems.
The parathyroid hormone stimulates the following functions:
Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream
Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines
Conservation of calcium by the kidneys
Stimulates cells in the kidney to transforms weaker forms of vitamin D into the form that is strongest at absorbing calcium from the intestines
Parathyroid gland
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide synthesized in the hypothalamus. Science has known it to play essential roles in the control of the body’s osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning.
Alters body fluid osmolality. Releases by posterior pituitary.
Water soluble hormones. Do not need carrier proteins.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Parathyroid glands produce _________________, which plays a key role in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood. Precise calcium levels are important in the human body, since small changes can cause muscle and nerve problems.
The ___________________ stimulates the following functions:
Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream
Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines
Conservation of calcium by the kidneys
Stimulates cells in the kidney to transforms weaker forms of vitamin D into the form that is strongest at absorbing calcium from the intestines
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Release by pancreas. Responsible for blood glucose regulation.
The net effect is to decrease blood glucose concentration and increase synthesis of proteins and fat.
Insulin
Releases by hypothalamus.
________________________________ causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone.
Responsible for menstrual cycle regulation.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Released from adrenal cortex.
A steroid hormone made by the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland). It helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body. Too much aldosterone can cause high blood pressure and a build-up of fluid in body tissues.
Responsible for extracellular fluid volume and plasma potassium concentration.
Aldosterone
Relatively short half-life.
Circulate in free forms.
Bind with cell membrane receptors. Do not need carrier proteins in the blood. Examples are ADH & ACTH.
Water-soluble hormones
Action on cell receptors that increase their cellular sensitivity to a certain hormone. Done in response to a low hormone concentrations.
Up-regulation
A cell protein that binds a specific hormone. The hormone receptor may be on the surface of the cell or inside the cell.
Hormone receptors
Secreted by the anterior pituitary.
_____________ fuels childhood growth and helps maintain tissues and organs throughout life. Beginning in middle age, however, the pituitary gland slowly reduces the amount of ____________ it produces.
A somatotropic hormone.
Many of the actions are mediated through the effects of insulin like growth factors, which are also known as somatomedins.
A peptide.
Growth hormone
Alter gene expression when the hormone receptor complex binds to the promoter region of DNA.
Need carrier proteins in the blood. Examples are thyroid hormones and steroid hormones.
Lipid soluble hormones
Incretins are a group of natural hormones that help regulate appetite, blood glucose levels, and digestion. They are released by the gut after eating and stimulate the release of insulin
by pancreatic β cells. Incretins also inhibit the release of glucagon by pancreatic α cells.
Released from the gastrointestinal tract and act to decrease postprandial blood glucose concentration.
Incretins
Released by the adrenal cortex/Zona Fasciculata.
Act to increase blood glucose concentration, inhibit inflammation, Control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation.
A steroid.
Cortisol
Results in increase blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and decreased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone. The cells that secrete them no longer receive negative feedback from the thyroid hormones.
Individuals are likely to gain weight and become intolerant environmental cold.
Damage to the thyroid gland
Renin acts on angiotensin which normally circulate in the blood. It converts it to angiotensin one. Then enzymes in the capillaries of the lungs convert angiotensin one to angiotensin II, which stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone circulates to the kidneys and causes them to put more salt in water back into the blood. That kidney action increases the blood volume and can increase the blood flow in the kidney blood vessels.
Renin angiotensin system
Released from the adrenal Medela. Secrete catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine. Catecholamines are responsible for the fight or flight response and hyperglycemia.
Pheochromocytes
Anterior pituitary gland
The anterior pituitary is the front lobe of your pituitary gland, The anterior pituitary creates and releases over six different hormones, which regulate various cellular processes including:
Growth.
Metabolism (how your body transforms and manages energy from the food you eat).
Reproduction.
Response to stress or trauma.
Lactation.
Releases 7 hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin
The ____________ is the front lobe of your pituitary gland, The _________________ creates and releases over six different hormones, which regulate various cellular processes including:
Growth.
Metabolism (how your body transforms and manages energy from the food you eat).
Reproduction.
Response to stress or trauma.
Lactation.
Releases 7 hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin
Anterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Your posterior pituitary is one of two lobes that make up your pituitary gland, which is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of your brain. Your posterior pituitary’s main functions are to store and release the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).
Secretes 2 hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Thyroid gland
Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck under your skin. It’s a part of your endocrine system and controls many of your body’s important functions by producing and releasing (secreting) certain hormones. Your thyroid’s main job is to control the speed of your metabolism (metabolic rate), which is the process of how your body transforms the food you consume into energy.
Secretes 3 hormones:
T3
T4
Calcitonin
Adrenal gland
Adrenal Glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys. Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.
Consists of the cortex and the Medulla.
When Adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones, this can lead to adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease).
Secretes -
Cortisol - Zona Fasciculata - control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation
Aldosterone - Zona Glomerulosa - blood pressure, sodium and potassium
DHEA & Androgenic steroids - Zona reticularis - precursors for estrogens and androgens
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine - adrenal medulla - fight/flight. control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation
Adrenal cortex
Part of the adrenal gland. Cortisol - Zona Fasciculata - control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation Aldosterone - Zona Glomerulosa - blood pressure, sodium and potassium DHEA & Androgenic steroids - Zona reticularis - precursors for estrogens and androgens
Part of the adrenal gland. Release catecholamines.
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine - adrenal medulla - fight/flight. control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation
Adrenal medulla
Pancreas gland (islets)
The Pancreas has dual roles - it is an organ of the digestive system and of the endocrine system.
The exocrine Pancreas produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein.
The endocrine Pancreas makes the hormone insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels.
Releases 4 hormones:
Insulin
Glucagon
Amylin
Somatostatin
Parathyroid gland
The parathyroid glands are two pairs of small, oval-shaped glands. They are located next to the two thyroid gland lobes in the neck. Each gland is usually about the size of a pea.
Parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which plays a key role in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood. Precise calcium levels are important in the human body, since small changes can cause muscle and nerve problems.
The parathyroid hormone stimulates the following functions:
Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream
Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines
Conservation of calcium by the kidneys
Stimulates cells in the kidney to transforms weaker forms of vitamin D into the form that is strongest at absorbing calcium from the intestines
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide synthesized in the hypothalamus. Science has known it to play essential roles in the control of the body’s osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning.
Alters body fluid osmolality. Releases by posterior pituitary.
Water soluble hormones. Do not need carrier proteins.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Releases by parathyroid gland. Responsible for plasma calcium concentration.
Insulin
Release by pancreas. Responsible for blood glucose regulation.
The net effect is to decrease blood glucose concentration and increase synthesis of proteins and fat.
A peptide.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Releases by hypothalamus.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone.
Responsible for menstrual cycle regulation.
Aldosterone
Released from adrenal cortex.
A steroid hormone made by the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland). It helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body. Too much aldosterone can cause high blood pressure and a build-up of fluid in body tissues.
Responsible for extracellular fluid volume and plasma potassium concentration.
Water-soluble hormones
Relatively short half-life.
Circulate in free forms.
Bind with cell membrane receptors. Do not need carrier proteins in the blood. Examples are ADH & ACTH.
Up-regulation
Action on cell receptors that increase their cellular sensitivity to a certain hormone. Done in response to a low hormone concentrations.
Hormone receptors
A cell protein that binds a specific hormone. The hormone receptor may be on the surface of the cell or inside the cell.
Growth hormone
Secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Growth hormone fuels childhood growth and helps maintain tissues and organs throughout life. Beginning in middle age, however, the pituitary gland slowly reduces the amount of growth hormone it produces.
A somatotropic hormone.
Many of the actions are mediated through the effects of insulin like growth factors, which are also known as somatomedins.
A peptide.
Lipid soluble hormones
Alter gene expression when the hormone receptor complex binds to the promoter region of DNA.
Need carrier proteins in the blood. Examples are thyroid hormones and steroid hormones.
Incretins
Incretins are a group of natural hormones that help regulate appetite, blood glucose levels, and digestion. They are released by the gut after eating and stimulate the release of insulin
by pancreatic β cells. Incretins also inhibit the release of glucagon by pancreatic α cells.
Released from the gastrointestinal tract and act to decrease postprandial blood glucose concentration.
Cortisol
Released by the adrenal cortex/Zona Fasciculata.
Act to increase blood glucose concentration, inhibit inflammation, Control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation.
A steroid.
Damage to the thyroid gland
Results in increase blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and decreased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone. The cells that secrete them no longer receive negative feedback from the thyroid hormones.
Individuals are likely to gain weight and become intolerant environmental cold.
Renin angiotensin system
Renin acts on angiotensin which normally circulate in the blood. It converts it to angiotensin one. Then enzymes in the capillaries of the lungs convert angiotensin one to angiotensin II, which stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone circulates to the kidneys and causes them to put more salt in water back into the blood. That kidney action increases the blood volume and can increase the blood flow in the kidney blood vessels.
Pheochromocytes
Released from the adrenal Medulla. Secrete catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine. Catecholamines are responsible for the fight or flight response and hyperglycemia.
