Exam 1 - Acid Base Balance Flashcards
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory acidosis is a condition that occurs when your lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from your body. This causes your blood to become acidic.
COPD, sedative OD, severe PNA, atelectasis, hypoventilation, pulmonary edema.
_________________ is a condition that occurs when your lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from your body. This causes your blood to become acidic.
COPD, sedative OD, severe PNA, atelectasis, hypoventilation, pulmonary edema.
Respiratory acidosis
____________________ is a condition that occurs when the blood’s acid-base balance is disrupted by low carbon dioxide levels. It’s often caused by rapid, uncontrollable breathing, also known as hyperventilation.
Hyperventilation, stimulated respiratory center, liver failure.
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis with anion gap
The anion gap helps determine the cause of the metabolic acidosis.
An elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis can be caused by salicylate toxicity, diabetic ketoacidosis, and uremia (MUDPILES).
Non-Gap metabolic acidosis is due to GI loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea) or a failure of kidneys to excrete acid.
Increased H+ load, DKA, lactic acidosis, ingestions (ethylene glycol, salicylates)
__________________________ sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. NAGMA can be caused by:
* Loss of sodium bicarbonate from the gastrointestinal tract or the kidney
* Addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) or substances that are metabolized to HCl
* Impaired net acid excretion
* Marked urinary excretion of organic acid anions
* High ileostomy output
* Acute kidney injury
secondary to volume depletion
* Cholestyramine binding bicarbonate in the small bowel and facilitating its elimination in the stool
Diarrhea, proximal renal tubule acidosis
Metabolic acidosis without anion gap
Maintain membrane integrity and the speed of enzymatic reactions. Must be tightly regulated in the body to function normally. Expressed as pH.
Hydrogen ions
Substances that can absorb excessive acid or base without a significant change in pH. Exist as an acid-base pair such as carbonic acid- bicarbonate
Chemical- act immediately
Respiratory- seconds to minutes
Renal- hours to days
Buffers
When the lungs or kidney adjust for changes in pH by increasing or decreasing ventilation and by producing urine that is more acidic or alkalinic.
Compensation
Increase in bicarbonate usually caused by loss of metabolic acids from conditions such as vomiting, GI suctioning, excessive bicarbonate intake, hyperaldosteronism, and diuretic therapy.
Metabolic alkalosis
Low plasma calcium stimulates release. Causes increased reabsorption of bone, stimulates renal reabsorption of calcium, inhibits renal reabsorption of phosphate.
Parathyroid hormone
Increased pH= increased excitability (increased contractility and excitability of the heart)
Decreased pH= decreased excitability (decreases contractility of the heart)
Effects of pH
The anion gap helps determine the cause of the ___________________. An elevated anion gap ___________________ can be caused by salicylate toxicity, diabetic ketoacidosis, and uremia (MUDPILES).
Non-Gap metabolic acidosis is due to GI loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea) or a failure of kidneys to excrete acid.
Increased H+ load, DKA, lactic acidosis, ingestions (ethylene glycol, salicylates)
Metabolic acidosis with anion gap
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis is a condition that occurs when the blood’s acid-base balance is disrupted by low carbon dioxide levels. It’s often caused by rapid, uncontrollable breathing, also known as hyperventilation.
Hyperventilation, stimulated respiratory center, liver failure.
Metabolic acidosis with anion gap
Increased H+ load, DKA, lactic acidosis, ingestions (ethylene glycol, salicylates)
Metabolic acidosis without anion gap
Non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
(NAGMA) is an imbalance between sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. NAGMA can be caused by:
Loss of sodium bicarbonate from the gastrointestinal tract or the kidney
Addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) or substances that are metabolized to HCl
Impaired net acid excretion
Marked urinary excretion of organic acid anions
High ileostomy output
Acute kidney injury
secondary to volume depletion
Cholestyramine binding bicarbonate in the small bowel and facilitating its elimination in the stool
Diarrhea, proximal renal tubule acidosis
