Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Active immunity

Answer 1

Active immunity is produced by an individual either after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization.

Question 2

Passive immunity

Answer 2

Active immunity is produced by an individual either after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization.

Question 3

CD4 cells

Answer 3

stands for cluster of differentiation, used to label a very large family of proteins found on the surface of many cells that are responsible for recognizing an antigen in order to have a successful immune response. located on the Th cells. =binds to MHC class II as co-receptor with the TCR.

Question 4

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 4

attack and kill cells directly by secreting perforins that make a pore in the membrane and injecting granzymes through the pores, causing apoptosis. Targets for Tc cells include cells infected by a variety of viruses, as well as cells that have become cancerous.

Question 5

T cells

Answer 5

Part of cell-mediated immunity. T-cells undergo differentiation during an immune response and develop into several subpopulations of cells that react directly with antigen on the surface of infectious agents. Some develop into T cells that can stimulate the activities of other leukocytes via cell-to-cell contact or through the secretion of cytokines.

Question 6

Immunoglobulins

Answer 6

a serum glycoprotein produced by plasma cells in response to a challenge by an immunogen. The term is used to denote all moleuces that are known to have specificity for antigen. In contrast, the term antibody is used to denote one particular set of immunoglobulins with specificity against a known antigen. There are five molecular classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD).

Question 7

Helper T cells

Answer 7

T cells that facilitate the immune response. Regardless of whether an antigen primarily induces a cellular or humoral immune response, T-helper cells is usually necessary for the process. Th cells help the antigen-driven maturation of both B and T cells by facilitating and magnifying the interaction between APCs (antigen-presenting cells) and the immunocompetent lymphocytes. Involves 3 steps: (1) the Th cell directly interacts with the APC through a variety of antigen-specific and antigen-dependent recptors; (2) the Th cell undergoes a differentiation process during which a variety of cytokine genes are activated; and (3) depending on the pattern of cytokin expressed, the mature Th cell interacts with either immunocompetent B or T cells to enhance their repsonse to antigen, which results in differentiation into either plasma cells or effector T cells, such as T-cytotoxic cells.

Question 8

Humoral

Answer 8

Type of adaptive immunity.
B-lymphocytes (bone marrow). When organism enter the humerus (fluid) of the body, not the cells yet. B-cells make antibodies that are effective for stuff floating around.

Question 9

Plasma cell

Answer 9

Antibody-producing cell

Question 10

T-regulatory cell

Answer 10

Cell that suppresses immune response to self-antigens.

Question 11

Hapten

Answer 11

A small antigen that binds to large molecules and indices an immune response.

Question 12

Epitope

Answer 12

Portion of antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody or specific lymphocyte receptor.

Aka antigenic determinant

Question 13

Superantigen

Answer 13

Molecule that activates many Th2 cell receptors regardless of their antigen specificity by binding in an unusual location.

Question 14

HLA antigens

Answer 14

Human MHC molecules

Question 15

MHC

Answer 15

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.

Question 16

MHC class I

Answer 16

Present endogenous antigens

Question 17

MHC class II

Answer 17

Present exogenous antigens.

Question 18

Fab fragment

Answer 18

Portion of an Ig that binds the antigen

Question 19

Adjuvant

Answer 19

Substance included in a vaccine to stimulate immune response.

Question 20

CD 1 antigen-presenting molecules

Answer 20

Present exogenous lipid antigens

Question 21

Class-switch

Answer 21

B-lymphocyte changes from producing IgM to producing another class of immunoglobulin.

Question 22

IgE

Answer 22

Important mediators of allergic response.

Active against parasitic infections

Question 23

IgM

Answer 23

Produces during primary response to antigen

Largest Igs

Question 24

IgG

Answer 24

Most abundant class of Igs

Transported across the placenta

Account for most of the protective activity against infection

Question 25

IgA

Answer 25

Has subclasses

One subclass is most abundant in body secretions

Question 26

IgD

Answer 26

Function known in blood

Surface descriptors on developing B cells.

Question 27

Cellular immunity

Answer 27

Type of adaptive immunity. Mediated by T lymphocytes.