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NURS611 Advanced Pathophysiology - AB > Exam 1- Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Exam 1- Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Power house” organelle. During cellular respiration, they make ATP molecules that that provide energy for all activity.

Need lots of oxygen to function properly. It converts ATP into energy. Without it, anaerobic metabolic pathways will synthesize ATP

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2
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where mRNA is translated into proteins = protein synthesis.
Contain rna protein. Synthesized in the nucleoli. Float in the cytoplasm or attach to ER.

When proteins are produced, they can either be released to float in the cytoplasm, or, when the ribosome is attached to the ER (rough ER), it can translate mRNA into proteins that are pushed into the ER and transported to the golgi

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3
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Refining plants and directs traffic. Processes and packages proteins for delivery. Receives materials into the vesicles, process them by folding them or adding lipids or carbohydrates. Releases them into vesicles to eventually be released out of the cell.

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Repository of genetic information (DNA). Largest membrane-bound organelle. Cell division and control of genetic information. Makes DNA and rna.

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5
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis and packaging of protein from the attached ribosome to the golgi. Synthesized steroid hormones.

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6
Q

Nucleolus

A

Synthesizes ribosomes. Made up of rna, cellular DNA, and histones. Cell division. Inside the nucleus.

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7
Q

Vesicles

A

Delivers synthesized proteins to their destinations. From the Golgi apparatus.

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A

Garbage collectors. Contains digestive enzymes. Take in damaged products, breaks down cell debris. From the golgi. Role in autodigestion.

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9
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Cells of plants and animals. Has organelles like the nucleus. Have several chromosomes. Have histones that bind with DNA.

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10
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria. Have genetic material but not enclosed in membrane or nucleus.

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11
Q

Microtubules

A

Small, hollow cylindrical, unbranched tubules made of protein. Adds structure to the cell. Support and move organelles in the cytoplasm.

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12
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smaller fibrils that generally occur in bundles. Necessary in regulating cell growth role in cellular mobility and migration. In the cytoplasm.

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13
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic - attracts water

Cellular membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer where one part is water-loving/ charged and the other is water-hating.

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14
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobic - repels water

Cellular membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer where one part is water-loving/ charged and the other is water-hating.

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15
Q

Peroxisome

A

Membrane-bound organelles. Contain oxidative enzymes that can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. Major sites or O2 utilization. Synthesizes H2O2 and specialized phospholipids necessary for nerve cell myelination.

Cells such as neutrophils synthesize H2O2 in their peroxisomes and use it as a defensive weapon.

If overactive, can destroy healthy cells. Why we take our antioxidants, to bind up extra oxidants

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16
Q

Histones

A

Proteins in the nucleus that bind DNA and help regulate activity.

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17
Q

Lipid raft

A

A section of membrane that is rich in cholesterol and helps organize membrane proteins.

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18
Q

Isotonic

A

Same osmolality as normal body fluids. 7.4 pH

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19
Q

Hypotonic

A

Low concentration of particles. More dilute. Pulls water into the cells.

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20
Q

Hypertonic

A

More concentrated. Water pulled out of the cells, so they shrink.

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21
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. The higher the pressure, the more water that moves.

22
Q

Fibroblasts

A

The cells that secrete the extracellular matrix.

23
Q

Base membrane

A

Provides support in epithelium

24
Q

Connective tissue

A

Characterized by only a few cells surrounded by a lot of extracellular matrix.

25
Q

Myocyte

A

Muscle cell

26
Q

Na+ K+ channel pump process

A

1) sodium permeability increases when ATP binds to the intracellular site.
2) 3 Na+ ions bind to site.
3) ATP closes site and opens to extracellular side.
4) Na+ binding affinity decreases and site releases Na+ into extracellular space
5) binding affinity for K+ increases and 2 K+ ions bind to site
6) ATP closes site and opens to intracellular side.
7) binding affinity for K+ decreases and K+ is released into the cell.
8) testing membrane potential reestablished

27
Q

Neuronal action potential steps

A

1) sodium permeability increases
2) sodium ions move into the cell
3) potassium permeability increases
4) potassium ions leave the cell
5) resting membrane reestablished

28
Q

Differentiation

A

Process through which cells develop specialized functions

29
Q

Solute

A

Particle that is dissolved

30
Q

Solvent

A

The medium in which a solute is dissolved

31
Q

Paracrine

A

A signal that acts on nearby cells through active transport through interstitial fluid.

32
Q

Karen’s cycle

A

Requires sufficient oxygen supply to make ATP.

33
Q

Ligand

A

Extracellular signaling messenger. Can travel through the protein channel to the receptor inside, or if it’s too big, can bind to the receptor and send its message down the channel.

34
Q

Caveolae

A

Little indents along the plasma membrane. Hold receptors, provide a route of transportation, and relay signals from the outside to the inside.

35
Q

Mechanotransduction

A

Translate mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, allowing cells to adopt to their surroundings. Starts with a message and transducer into action, which in this case is to change.

36
Q

Amphipathic molecule

A

Chemical compounds containing both polar and nonpolar (apolar) portions in their structure.

Used to describe the lipid bilayer. One point of the layer is hydrophobic (uncharged) and the other is hydrophilic (charged).

37
Q

Endocytosis

A

Engulfing things into the cell, to transport to a lysosome for digestion, etc. Eats proteins, nutrients, etc.

38
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

If the lysosomal membrane is interrupted, it can leak lysosomal enzymes, which can cause cellular self-destruction.

39
Q

Gap junctions

A

In cardiac muscle. Coordinate activities of adjacent cells. Synchronize contractions of the heart through ionic coupling.

40
Q

Interphase

A

Portion of the cell cycle. Includes G1, s1, and G2. The cell increases its mass by producing DNA, RNA, protein, lipids, and other substances, and duplicates it chromosomes. These processes are necessary to prepare the cell for mitosis and cytokinesis.

41
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Water portion. Maintains shape. Keeps organelles away from each other

42
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains the shape of the cell. “Bones and muscle.” Permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external productions. Microtubules and microfilaments

43
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Transports nutrients and waste products. Generating membrane potentials. Cell recognition and communication. Growth regulation. Sensing signals that enable cell to respond and adapt to changes in environment.

Functions:
Endocytosis (pinocytosis and phagocytosis)
Exocytosis (cellular excretion)

Structure:
Calveolae
Lipids (amphipathic lipids)
Carbohydrates (glycoproteins)

44
Q

Desimomes

A

Holds cells together to give structure. Belt decimomes, spot decimomes

45
Q

Chemical signaling

A 
Type of cell communication. 
Paracrine
Autocrine 
Hormonal
Neurohormonal
46
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate

The energy the body runs on. Synthesized in the mitochondria. Need it for digestion and glycolysis.

47
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic metabolism

Intracellular breakdown of subunits to pyrivate, then to acetyl CoA. Anaerobic. Produces some ATP from breakdown of our food into amino acids. if no oxygen, the process stops here and does not progess to Krebs cycle.

48
Q

Krebs Cycle/ citric acid cycle

A

Where we produce the most ATP. Produces ATP via oxidative phosphorylation if oxygenation present. Happens in the mitochondria. Process of getting our energy from the metabolism of fats, carbs, and proteins. After glycolysis.

Need oxygen to happen. Oxidative phosphorylation. Without O2, make more lactic acid.

49
Q

Passive transport

A

Small uncharged solutes. No energy expended.
Down a concentration gradient.
Filtration (hydrostatic pressure)
Osmosis of water
Tonicity
Passive mediated transport (ion channels, transmembrane proteins)

50
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure inside the blood vessel. The higher the pressure, the more that gets pushed out.

51
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moves from where there is more electrolytes to where there is less to balance out the amount. Think of concentration of water.

52
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle- autonomic functions. Involuntary.

Striated (skeletal)

Cardiac

Brain tells it what to do.

NURS611 Advanced Pathophysiology - AB (30 decks)

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