Exam 1- Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology Flashcards
Rigor mortis
Stiffening of the skeletal muscles after death
Rigor Mortis
Stiffening of the skeletal muscles after death
Unintentional decrease of core body temperature below 35 degrees C or 95 degrees F
Accidental hypothermia
Autophagy
A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests itself.
Combination of coagulative and liquifactive necrosis.
An area of cell death in which dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by enzymes.
Ex: TB
Caseous necrosis
Area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque. Vascular structures.
Ex: kidneys, heart, adrenal glands.
Coagulative necrosis
______________ play a major role in the initiation and progression of diseases.
A _________is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus, to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Free radical
Purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death.
Livor mortis
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death. Involving the dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles called apoptotic bodies, which are removed by phagocytosis.
Cell shrinks when cytoskeleton is dismantled, and sections of the cell bud off into vesicles.
Does NOT cause inflammation.
Adaptive increase in cell numbers.
Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver – can regenerate in about 2 weeks (AMAZING!!!). Pathological: endometrial ______________
Usually occurs with hypertrophy.
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell size.
Ex: weight lifter, why one leg is bigger than other for roller derby girl, excessive hormonal stimulation for several weeks.
Pathologic: __________ as a result of HTN
Hypertrophy
Cell shrinks – decreased size
Ex: thymus glad decrease in size during childhood, left calf smaller after cast removal, lack of hormonal stimulation for several weeks.
Atrophy
End process of ischemia if not corrected.
Characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction.
Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to _________.
EXAMPLE of _______ is cell death during a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Causes inflammation.
Necrosis
Abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells.
Aka atypical hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Lack of oxygen to the tissues caused by insufficient blood supply.
Desecrate of the amount of oxygen in the blood.
The release of calcium from intercellular stores into the cytoplasm during this damages the cell.
Ischemia
Necrosis of a myocardial cell process
1) Acute obstruction of coronary artery cuts off arterial blood supply to myocardium - hypoxia or ischemia.
2) Cell runs on anaerobic metabolism because of lack of oxygen.
3) ATP supply decreases in the cell
4) Active transport of Ca+ into and K+ out of cells across the cell membrane
5) Osmosis causes cell swelling and calcium accumulates in cell
6) Organelles, including lysosomes, swell and rupture.
7) Lysosomal enzymes destroy components of their own cell
8) Cell bursts and spills its contents into the interstitial fluid
Necrosis in the brain
Liquifactive necrosis
Ex: death of brain cells
When excessive oxygen overwhelms the endogenous antioxidant systems.
Oxidative stress
When death of the entire person occurs.
Somatic death
A substance in your body that produces hair, eye and skin pigmentation. The more _______ you produce, the darker your eyes, hair and skin will be.
Synthesized by melanocytes and accumulates in epidermal cells called keratinocytes.
Melanin
Shrunken nucleus. Part of necrotic process.
Pyknosis
Adaptive replacement of one mature cell type by another normal cell type. Can be reversed if irritant stopped.
Ex: calluses. Normal cells in the bronchial lining replaced by stratified epithelial cells.
Metaplasia
Yellow-brown age pigment
Lipofuscin
Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength.
Stiffness or rigidity.
Peripheral vascular resistance, increases, decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach, decreases immune response.
Increased total body potassium.
Sarcopenia
Postmortem reduction of body temperature.
Algor mortis
Partial deprivation of oxygen.
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen to the tissues
Anoxia
Ischemia or anoxia.
Cellular responses:
1. Decrease in ATP,
2. Failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange.
3. Cellular swelling.
4. Vacuolation.
5. Lysis of organelles
6. Reperfusion injury possible with reoxygenation
Hypoxia injury
After a hypoxia injury, oxygen is restored to damaged or necrotic cells.
Oxygen is transformed into superoxide, or H2O3, oxygen free radicals and ultimate damage the cells.
Reperfusion injury
Caseous necrosis
An area of cell death in which dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by enzymes. Combination of coagulative and liquifactive
Ex: TB
The action of lipases. Cell death happens in fatty areas such as abdominal organs and breasts.
Fatty necrosis
Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury.
Can be wet or dry.
Gas _______ can happen from c. diff and if so it gives off an odor.
Gangrenous necrosis
From alcohol, liver enzymes metabolize ______ to acetaldehyde, which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes help detoxify _________.
If the process is not functioning properly,__________ is turned into fat in the liver.
Ethanol
Accidental hypothermia
Unintentional decrease of core body temperature below 35 degrees C or 95 degrees F.
A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests itself.
Autophagy
Coagulative necrosis
Area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque. Vascular structures.
Ex: kidneys, heart, adrenal glands.
Free radical
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of diseases.
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Livor mortis
Purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death.
Programmed cell death. Involving dismantling of the cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles called apoptotic bodies, which are removed by phagocytosis.
Cell shrinks when cytoskeleton is dismantled, and sections of the cell bud off into vesicles.
Does NOT cause inflammation.
Apoptosis
Hyperplasia
Adaptive increase in cell numbers.
Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver – can regenerate in about 2 weeks (AMAZING!!!). Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
Usually occurs with hypertrophy.
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size.
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training – this is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy.
Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN.
Ex: weight lifter, why one leg is bigger than other for roller derby girl, excessive hormonal stimulation for several weeks.
Atrophy
Cell shrinks – decreased size
Physiologic atrophy NORMAL
Ex: thymus glad decrease in size during childhood, left calf smaller after cast removal, lack of hormonal stimulation for several weeks.
Necrosis
End process of ischemia if not corrected.
Characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction.
Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis. EXAMPLE of necrosis is cell death during a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Causes inflammation.
Dysplasia
Abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells.
Aka atypical hyperplasia
Ischemia
Lack of oxygen to the tissues caused by insufficient blood supply.
Desecrate of the amount of oxygen in the blood.
The release of calcium from intercellular stores into the cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell.
1) Acute obstruction of coronary artery cuts off arterial blood supply to myocardium - hypoxia or ischemia.
2) Cell runs on anaerobic metabolism because of lack of oxygen.
3) ATP supply decreases in the cell
4) Active transport of Ca+ into and K+ out of cells across the cell membrane
5) Osmosis causes cell swelling and calcium accumulates in cell
6) Organelles, including lysosomes, swell and rupture.
7) Lysosomal enzymes destroy components of their own cell
8) Cell bursts and spills its contents into the interstitial fluid
Necrosis of a myocardial cell process
Liquifactive necrosis
Necrosis in the brain
Ex: death of brain cells
Oxidative stress
When excessive oxygen overwhelms the endogenous antioxidant systems.
Somatic death
When death of the entire person occurs.
Melanin
A substance in your body that produces hair, eye and skin pigmentation. The more melanin you produce, the darker your eyes, hair and skin will be.
Synthesized by melanocytes and accumulates in epidermal cells called keratinocytes.
Pyknosis
Shrunken nucleus. Part of necrotic process.
Metaplasia
Adaptive replacement of one mature cell type by another normal cell type. Can be reversed if irritant stopped.
Ex: calluses. Normal cells in the bronchial lining replaced by stratified epithelial cells.
Lipofuscin
Yellow-brown age pigment
Sarcopenia
Complete death of a body
Algor mortis
Postmortem reduction of body temperature.
Hypoxia
Partial deprivation of oxygen.
Anoxia
Lack of oxygen to the tissues
Hypoxia injury process
Ischemia or anoxia.
Cellular responses:
1. Decrease in ATP,
2. Failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange.
3. Cellular swelling.
4. Vacuolation.
5. Lysis of organelles
6. Reperfusion injury possible with reoxygenation
Reperfusion injury
After a hypoxia injury, oxygen is restored to damaged or necrotic cells.
Oxygen is transformed into superoxide, or H2O3, oxygen free radicals and ultimate damage the cells.
Cellular injury process
- Injury (hypoxia) happens.
- Reduction in ATP levels causes plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail.
- Accumulation of sodium and calcium in the cell pushes K+ out
- Extensive Vacuolation.
- Sodium and water enter cell freely, causing swelling.
- Osmotic pressure increases.
- Cell bursts and dies.
- Injury (hypoxia) happens.
- Reduction in ATP levels causes plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail.
- Accumulation of sodium and calcium in the cell pushes K+ out
- Extensive Vacuolation.
- Sodium and water enter cell freely, causing swelling.
- Osmotic pressure increases.
- Cell bursts and dies.
Cellular injury process
Fatty necrosis
The action of lipases. Cell death happens in fatty areas such as abdominal organs and breasts.
Gangrenous necrosis
Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury.
Can be wet or dry.
Gas gangrene can happen from c. diff and if so it gives off an odor.
Ethanol
From alcohol, liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde, which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol.
If not, the process is not functioning properly. Ethanol is turned into fat in the liver.
The ___________ contains the nucleolus, a small, dense structure composed largely of RNA; most of the cellular DNA; and the DNA-binding proteins, the histones, that regulate its activity.
Nucleus
__________ are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Their chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes chief function is?
Their chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
The __________________ is a network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell. Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles. The _____________ is a refining plant and directs traffic (e.g., protein, polynucleotide, polysaccharide molecules) in the cell.
Golgi complex (or Golgi apparatus)
Golgi complex (or Golgi apparatus) function in the cell is?
It is a refining plant and directs traffic (e.g., protein, polynucleotide, polysaccharide molecules) in the cell.
Lysosomes maintain cellular health through:
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
- removal of useless organelles,
- signals cellular adaptation
These are garbage men of the cells, removing old cellular components as well as acting as signaling hubs of a sophisticated network for cellular adaptation and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. The signaling functions have far-reaching implications for metabolic regulation in health and in disease.
Lysosomes
_______________ are organelles responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. THINK ATP (energy) – ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule. Metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids and special pathways involving urea and heme synthesis are located in the _________________ matrix.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria function is
The powerhouse of the cell
____________ occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, & hormonal stimulation.
FOR EXAMPLE #1: The shrinking of gonads in an adolescent patient in response to decreased hormonal stimulation).
Example #2: Individuals immobilized in bed for a prolonged time exhibit a type of skeletal muscle ________ called disuse _____________.
Pathologic atrophy
Radiation damage occurs how?
Ionizing radiation is emitted by x-rays, γ-rays, and alpha and beta particles (which are emitted from atomic nuclei in the process of radioactive decay) and from subatomic particles such as neutrons, deuterons, protons, and pions. A main mechanism of damage to DNA (VERY BAD!) by ionizing radiation is from generation of reactive oxygen species from reactions with free radicals.
Aging impacts the body how?
Aging and the cell/tissues.
Every physiologic process can be shown to function less efficiently.
Peripheral vascular resistance increases due to decreased elasticity of vessels
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach.
Decreased immune response to T-dependent antigens
Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of decreased cellular mass.
Telomere shortening within the cell
