Exam 3- Alterations Of Cardiovascular Function Flashcards
Varicose veins
Distended and tortuous superficial veins in which blood has pooped because of damaged valves.
Chronic venous insufficiency
Sustained inadequate venous return due to vascular damage
Intermittent claudication
Ischemic pain in the lower extremities that occurs while walking but disappears when resting.
Thromboangiitis obliterans
Inflammatory disease of peripheral arteries that usually is associated with smoking.
Raynaud disease
Vasospastic disease of peripheral arteries in which episodes of ischemia and pallor are followed by rubor and parasthesias.
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the membranous sac that surrounds the heart.
Tamponade
Compression of the heart by pericardial fluid.
Post-thrombotic Syndrome
Characterized by chronic persistent pain, edema, and ulceration of a limb that had DVT.
What is a major complication of DVT?
development of PE
What is a major complication of arterial thrombus?
Systemic thromboembolism
Superior vena cava Syndrome
Occurs when a mass, like a tumor, compresses the superior vena cava, causing venous distinction in the upper extremities and head.
Primary HTN
No cause
Causal factors increase peripheral vascular resistance and/or cause sustained increase in blood volume.
Hypertension
The pressure-natriuresis relationship shifts so that the patient excretes less sodium in the urine.
Sustained hypertension causes left ventricular hypertrophy and coronary arthrosclerosis, increasing the risk for myocardial infarction.
Uncomplicated HTN
No symptoms
Tx: begins with lifestyle modifications.
Dissecting aneurysm
Blood enters an artery wall and runs between the layers of the wall.
Rheumatic fever
Characterized by carditis, acute migratory polyarthritis, chorea, and erythema marginatum, which occur 1 to 5 weeks after streptococcal infection of the pharynx.
Causes cardiac valve damage by an abnormal immune response.
Infective endocarditis
Causes cardiac valve damage by streptococci or other organisms.
Patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis are at risk for bacterial embolism.
Constrictive pericarditis
A chronic condition that can compress the heart.
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries. The lining of the arteries is supposed to be smooth, so the blood can travel easily. And atherosclerosis, the linings become thick and rough. Sometimes a clot develops in socks blood flow. In the heart it is an MI, in the brain it is a stroke.
Left heart failure
Symptoms: orthopnea, dyspnea, decreased urine output it, copping pink frothy sputum, crackles upon auscultation.
Right heart failure
Symptoms: jugular venous distention, hepatomegaly, ankle Adema.
Risk factors for HTN
Family history, low potassium intake, increased age, increased renin, obesity, low magnesium intake, increased firing of SNS, high sodium intake, cigarette smoking, high alcohol intake, glucose intolerance.
Secondary hypertension
HTN caused by an underlying disease process, such as renal disease.
Myocardial hibernation
Involves persistently ischemic myocardium that undergoes metabolic adaptation until the perfusion is restored
Myocardial stunning
Involves temporary loss of contractile ability after perfusion has been restored.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiac chamber’s are enlarged (have increased diastolic volume), and the myocardium has decreased contractility.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Cardiac chambers have decreased diastolic volume because the myocardium is rigid and noncompliant.
Valvular stenosis
Narrowing of a valve, which impedes the forward flow of blood.
Valvular regurgitation
Incomplete closure of the valve, which allows blood to leak backward through the valve.
Thromboembolus
A clot and a blood vessel that breaks loose and circulates.
Venus stasis ulcer
Caused by Sluggish circulation from chronic venous insufficiency.
Orthostatic hypotension
Is this all that blood pressure decrease of at least 20 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure decrease of at least 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing and is a significant risk factor for falls.
Fat embolism
Happens after trauma too long bones.
Peripheral artery disease
Risk factors: the same as risk factors for arthrosclerosis
Adiponectin
And anti-atherogenic adipokine. Decreased in people with obesity.
Myocardial infarction
Can be caused by clot formation at the site of rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, causing tissue ischemia and infarction if blood flow is not restored. Risk increases with factors that increase myocardial oxygen demand or reduce myocardial oxygen supply.
Tissue healing after an MI create a non-contractile scar.
High-output heart failure
Heart failure in which the cardiac output is increased but still in sufficient to meet the bodies oxygen and nutrients needs.
Aortic stenosis
Symptoms: lightheadedness with exertion. This is because the heart is unable to pump out enough excess blood to meet the body’s needs.
Associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation.
Mitral regurgitation
Associated with left atrial and left ventricular dilation and hypertrophy.
Mitral stenosis
Associated with left atrial hypertrophy and dilation.
Tricuspid regurgitation
Associated with the right atrial and right ventricular dilation and hypertrophy.
Three causes of clot development
Stasis of blood, increased clotting ability, and injury to the inside of a blood vessel.
Systolic heart failure
The heart has difficulty emptying it went it contracts to pump blood.
Diastolic heart failure
The heart is not filled properly when it relaxes.
Coronary heart disease
Risk factors: family history of heart disease, personal history of HDL, HTN, DM, high cholesterol, atherosclerotic disease and other vascular systems, history of smoking, additional physical activity, usual diet, recent stressors,
Stable angina
Angina pain from mile cardio ischemia that occurs predictably with exertion and is relieved with rest or nitro
CRP
A nonspecific marker of inflammation measured to assess cardiac risk.
Aneurysm
Localized outpouching or dilation of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber
Thrombus
A blood clot that is attached to the endothelium in a blood vessel or cardiac chamber.
Unstable angina
A type of angina caused by a clot temporarily including a coronary artery, resulting before necrosis occurs.
LDL
A type of lipoprotein that migrate into arterial walls in atherosclerosis.
Plaque
The lesions of atherosclerosis.
