Exam 1- Pain, Temp Reg, Sleep, & Sensory Function Flashcards
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelid.
Cataract
Cloudy or opaque portion of the lens of the eye.
Vertigo
Sensation of spinning around.
Chalazion
Lipogranuloma of oil-secreting gland of the eyelid.
Enteopion
Eyelid margin turned inward against the eyelid.
Conduction
Transfer of temperature from one surface to another, like from a cold exam table to the patient.
Convection
Transfer of temperature through gasses or liquids.
Nonshivering (chemical) thermogenesis
Adrenergic. Occurs in brown adipose tissue as a result of epinephrine
Fever
Fever is a temporary resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher level in response to endogenous or exogenous pyrogens. The pathophysiologic mechanism of fever begins with the introduction of exogenous pyrogens or endotoxins produced by pathogens. Centers in the hypothalamus and brainstem signal an increase in heat production and heat conservation to raise body temperature to the new set point. During fever substances are released to help diminish and control the febrile response.
Increases many immune defenses against bacteria and viruses.
Induced by specific cytokines (endogenous pyrogens) realeased by neutrophils and leukocytes after phagocytosis, exposure to bacterial exotoxins, or exposure to antigen-antibody complexes.
Heat stroke
Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related illness. It occurs when the body can no longer control its temperature: the body’s temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails, and the body is unable to cool down. When heat stroke occurs, the body temperature can rise to 106°F or higher within 10 to 15 minutes.
Pain transduction
Conversion of chemical or other stimuli into electrophysiological activity.
Dyssomnia
Sleep d/o’s related to difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep or the presence of excessive sleepiness (insomnia, hypersomnia, OSA, RLS, circadian rhythm d/o’s, narcolepsy)
Parasomnias
Complex behaviors related to awakening from REM sleep or partial arousal from NREM and disorders of sleep stage transitions.
Arousal disorders- sleep walking, night terrors, bruxism, violent behavior, rearranging furniture, sleep enuresis.
Sleep-wake transition disorders- rhythmic movements, sleep talking, leg cramps
Disorders associated with REM sleep- sleep paralysis and nightmares, sleep apnea, and SIDS.
Stages of sleep cycle
Awake
Stage N1 (light sleep, slow eye movements)
Stage N2 (further slowing of EEG with sleep spindles and slow eye movements)
Slow-wave sleep (N3)- no slow eye movements
REM- time of most dreaming (20-25% of sleep time)
Spinothalmic
The spinothalamic tract (STT) is a sensory tract that carries nociceptive, temperature, crude touch, and pressure from our skin to the somatosensory area of the thalamus. It is responsible for our quick withdraw reaction to a painful stimulus such as touching the stove burner.
The tract in which his axons of second-order pain neurons ascend to the brain.
A-delta pain fibers
Converts pain impulses that are interpreted as sharp pain that is highly localized.
Gate control theory of pain
The cell bodies of pain neurons serve as a gate. Located in the laminar of the substantia gelatinous a in the posterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
Anosmia
Complete loss of smell
Ageusia
Loss of taste
Conductive hearing loss
Occurs when a change in the outer or middle ear impairs sound from being conducted from the outer to the inner ear.
Sx: diminished hearing and soft speaking voice.
Causes: FB, tumors of inner ear, otitis media
Hyperthermia
Elevation of temperature without an increase in the hypothalamic set point. Can cause nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, and death.
Strabismus
Deviation of one eye from the other while looking at an object. Both eyes unable to simultaneously focus.
Sx: diploplia
Nystagmus
Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes.
Presbycusis
Loss of hearing for high-frequency sounds. Age-related.
Presbycusis refers to bilateral age-related hearing loss. In literal terms, presbycusis means ‘old hearing’ or ‘elder hearing. It is the most common cause of hearing loss worldwide and is estimated to affect approximately two-thirds of Americans aged 70 or older.
Presbyopia
A gradual, age-related loss of the eyes’ ability to focus actively on nearby objects. Age related far-sightedness
Farsightedness usually becomes noticeable in the early to mid-40s and worsens until around age 65. Loss of accommodation. Ocular nerve becomes firmer, larger, and less elastic. Age-related.
Hypothalamus
Responsible for thermoregulation. Modifies heat production, heat conservation, or heat loss mechanisms, based on input from thermoreceptors.
Causes vasodilation and profuse sweating with extreme heat exposure. Over prolonged period, causes dehydration, decrease plasma volumes, and hypotension.
REM
The sleep stage in which dreaming occurs.
Neonate enter REM immediately upon falling asleep
When nocturnal angina occurs.
Stye (hordeolum)
Infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids.
Pink eye
Acute bacterial conjunctivitis
Papilledema
Edema of the optic nerve where it enters the eyeball and is associated with increases ICP
Ptosis
Eyelid droop
Visceral pain
Visceral pain, the pain we feel when our internal organs are inflamed, diseased, damaged or injured, is by far the most common type of pain.
Transmitted by spinal or somatic afferent nerves
Meniers Disease
an idiopathic episodic vestibular disorder. Results from abnormalities in the quantity, composition, and pressure of the endolymph in the middle ear.
Causes vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. Walking may be impossible.
Narrow-angle glaucoma
Increase intraocular pressure. Long term increased pressure can cause blindness.
Heat exhaustion
Heat exhaustion is a condition that happens when your body overheats. Symptoms may include heavy sweating and a rapid pulse. Heat exhaustion is one of three heat-related illnesses, with heat cramps being the mildest and heatstroke being the most serious.
Give warm fluids to rehydrate.
Neuropathic pain
When nerves become hyperexcitable, they generate ectopic discharges, resulting in spontaneous firing of some neurons with low thresholds for mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli.
Noviception
the processing of potentially harmful (noxious) stimuli through a normally functioning nervous system. It involves four phases: transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation.
NREM
Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep - accounts for 75-80% of sleep time. Initiated by the withdrawal of neurotransmitters. Respiration is controlled by metabolic processes. Basal metabolic rate, temperature, HR, respiration, BP and muscle tone all decrease. Growth hormone is released during N3.
