Exam 1- Pain, Temp Reg, Sleep, & Sensory Function

Question 1

Keratitis

Answer 1

Inflammation of the cornea.

Question 2

Blepharitis

Answer 2

Inflammation of the eyelid.

Question 3

Cataract

Answer 3

Cloudy or opaque portion of the lens of the eye.

Question 4

Vertigo

Answer 4

Sensation of spinning around.

Question 5

Chalazion

Answer 5

Lipogranuloma of oil-secreting gland of the eyelid.

Question 6

Enteopion

Answer 6

Eyelid margin turned inward against the eyelid.

Question 7

Conduction

Answer 7

Transfer of temperature from one surface to another, like from a cold exam table to the patient.

Question 8

Convection

Answer 8

Transfer of temperature through gasses or liquids.

Question 9

Nonshivering (chemical) thermogenesis

Answer 9

Adrenergic. Occurs in brown adipose tissue as a result of epinephrine

Question 10

Fever

Answer 10

Fever is a temporary resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher level in response to endogenous or exogenous pyrogens. The pathophysiologic mechanism of fever begins with the introduction of exogenous pyrogens or endotoxins produced by pathogens. Centers in the hypothalamus and brainstem signal an increase in heat production and heat conservation to raise body temperature to the new set point. During fever substances are released to help diminish and control the febrile response.

Increases many immune defenses against bacteria and viruses.

Induced by specific cytokines (endogenous pyrogens) realeased by neutrophils and leukocytes after phagocytosis, exposure to bacterial exotoxins, or exposure to antigen-antibody complexes.

Question 11

Heat stroke

Answer 11

Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related illness. It occurs when the body can no longer control its temperature: the body’s temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails, and the body is unable to cool down. When heat stroke occurs, the body temperature can rise to 106°F or higher within 10 to 15 minutes.

Question 12

Pain transduction

Answer 12

Conversion of chemical or other stimuli into electrophysiological activity.

Question 13

Dyssomnia

Answer 13

Sleep d/o’s related to difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep or the presence of excessive sleepiness (insomnia, hypersomnia, OSA, RLS, circadian rhythm d/o’s, narcolepsy)

Question 14

Parasomnias

Answer 14

Complex behaviors related to awakening from REM sleep or partial arousal from NREM and disorders of sleep stage transitions.

Arousal disorders- sleep walking, night terrors, bruxism, violent behavior, rearranging furniture, sleep enuresis.

Sleep-wake transition disorders- rhythmic movements, sleep talking, leg cramps

Disorders associated with REM sleep- sleep paralysis and nightmares, sleep apnea, and SIDS.

Question 15

Stages of sleep cycle

Answer 15

Awake
Stage N1 (light sleep, slow eye movements)
Stage N2 (further slowing of EEG with sleep spindles and slow eye movements)
Slow-wave sleep (N3)- no slow eye movements
REM- time of most dreaming (20-25% of sleep time)

Question 16

Spinothalmic

Answer 16

The spinothalamic tract (STT) is a sensory tract that carries nociceptive, temperature, crude touch, and pressure from our skin to the somatosensory area of the thalamus. It is responsible for our quick withdraw reaction to a painful stimulus such as touching the stove burner.

The tract in which his axons of second-order pain neurons ascend to the brain.

Question 17

A-delta pain fibers

Answer 17

Converts pain impulses that are interpreted as sharp pain that is highly localized.

Question 18

Gate control theory of pain

Answer 18

The cell bodies of pain neurons serve as a gate. Located in the laminar of the substantia gelatinous a in the posterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord.

Question 19

Anosmia

Answer 19

Complete loss of smell

Question 20

Ageusia

Answer 20

Loss of taste

Question 21

Conductive hearing loss

Answer 21

Occurs when a change in the outer or middle ear impairs sound from being conducted from the outer to the inner ear.

Sx: diminished hearing and soft speaking voice.

Causes: FB, tumors of inner ear, otitis media

Question 22

Hyperthermia

Answer 22

Elevation of temperature without an increase in the hypothalamic set point. Can cause nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, and death.

Question 23

Strabismus

Answer 23

Deviation of one eye from the other while looking at an object. Both eyes unable to simultaneously focus.

Sx: diploplia

Question 24

Nystagmus

Answer 24

Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes.

Question 25

Presbycusis

Answer 25

Loss of hearing for high-frequency sounds. Age-related.

Presbycusis refers to bilateral age-related hearing loss. In literal terms, presbycusis means ‘old hearing’ or ‘elder hearing. It is the most common cause of hearing loss worldwide and is estimated to affect approximately two-thirds of Americans aged 70 or older.

Question 26

Presbyopia

Answer 26

A gradual, age-related loss of the eyes’ ability to focus actively on nearby objects. Age related far-sightedness

Farsightedness usually becomes noticeable in the early to mid-40s and worsens until around age 65. Loss of accommodation. Ocular nerve becomes firmer, larger, and less elastic. Age-related.

Question 27

Hypothalamus

Answer 27

Responsible for thermoregulation. Modifies heat production, heat conservation, or heat loss mechanisms, based on input from thermoreceptors.

Causes vasodilation and profuse sweating with extreme heat exposure. Over prolonged period, causes dehydration, decrease plasma volumes, and hypotension.

Question 28

REM

Answer 28

The sleep stage in which dreaming occurs.

Neonate enter REM immediately upon falling asleep

When nocturnal angina occurs.

Question 29

Stye (hordeolum)

Answer 29

Infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids.

Question 30

Pink eye

Answer 30

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis

Question 31

Papilledema

Answer 31

Edema of the optic nerve where it enters the eyeball and is associated with increases ICP

Question 32

Ptosis

Answer 32

Eyelid droop

Question 33

Visceral pain

Answer 33

Visceral pain, the pain we feel when our internal organs are inflamed, diseased, damaged or injured, is by far the most common type of pain.
Transmitted by spinal or somatic afferent nerves

Question 34

Meniers Disease

Answer 34

an idiopathic episodic vestibular disorder. Results from abnormalities in the quantity, composition, and pressure of the endolymph in the middle ear.

Causes vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. Walking may be impossible.

Question 35

Narrow-angle glaucoma

Answer 35

Increase intraocular pressure. Long term increased pressure can cause blindness.

Question 36

Heat exhaustion

Answer 36

Heat exhaustion is a condition that happens when your body overheats. Symptoms may include heavy sweating and a rapid pulse. Heat exhaustion is one of three heat-related illnesses, with heat cramps being the mildest and heatstroke being the most serious.

Give warm fluids to rehydrate.

Question 37

Neuropathic pain

Answer 37

When nerves become hyperexcitable, they generate ectopic discharges, resulting in spontaneous firing of some neurons with low thresholds for mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli.

Question 38

Noviception

Answer 38

the processing of potentially harmful (noxious) stimuli through a normally functioning nervous system. It involves four phases: transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation.

Question 39

NREM

Answer 39

Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep - accounts for 75-80% of sleep time. Initiated by the withdrawal of neurotransmitters. Respiration is controlled by metabolic processes. Basal metabolic rate, temperature, HR, respiration, BP and muscle tone all decrease. Growth hormone is released during N3.