Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histo (VM1 Fall) > Exam 3 - Lecture 41 (Regulation of Acid-Base Balance) > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Lecture 41 (Regulation of Acid-Base Balance) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an acid?

A

Proton donor OR increases [H+] of a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a base?

A

Proton acceptor OR decreases [H+] of a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pH?

A

Scale to describe how “acid” something is

inverse log of [H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What pH is acidemia and severe acidemia?

A

pH < 7.35; severe = pH < 7.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What pH is alkalemia and severe alkalemia?

A

pH > 7.45; severe = pH > 7.6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is acidosis?

A

Process by which acidemia occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

Process by which alkalemia occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is regulation of pH so important?

A

Bc protons are very reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 6 clinical features of acidemia?

A
  1. Decreased cardiac output and BP
  2. Insulin resistance
  3. Metabolic enzyme inhibition
  4. Impaired ability of brain to regulate volume
  5. Hypercalcemia
  6. Hyperkalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 3 clinical features of alkalemia?

A
  1. Neuromuscular dysfunction
  2. Hypocalcemia
  3. Hypokalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 3 things determine pH?

A
  1. Partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2)
  2. Strong Ion Difference (SID)
  3. Weak acid buffers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is CO2 an acid?

A

Because it generates protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does ventilation rate do?

A

Regulates acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What occurs when ventilation rate is decreased?

A

Increased ECF pCO2 –> increased [H+] –> respiratory acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

Increased [H+] due to increased ECF pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What occurs when ventilation rate is increased?

A

Decreased ECF pCO2 –> decreased [H+] –> respiratory alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

Decreased [H+] due to decreased ECF pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What equation determines pH when taking pCO2 into account?

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of these statements is correct?

A) Increasing ventilation rate will decrease ECF pH
B) Increasing ventilation rate will increase ECF pH
C) Decreasing ventilation rate could cause alkalosis

A

A) Increasing ventilation rate will decrease ECF pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to strong ions at physiological pH?

A

They fully dissociate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 4 positively charged strong ions?

A
  1. Na+
  2. K+
  3. Ca^2+
  4. Mg^2+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are 3 negatively charged strong ions?

A
  1. Cl-
  2. Lactate
  3. SO4^2-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is strong ion difference?

A

Difference between all of the positively charged strong ions and negatively charged strong ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which [ion] is greater in normal SID?

A

Positively charged

26
Q

What happens in increased SID?

A

Higher [cation] and/or lower [anion] than normal

27
Q

What is the normal SID?

A

40 mEq/L

28
Q

What happens in decreased SID?

A

Lower [cation] or higher [anion] than normal

29
Q

Changing [SID] changes _____ of ECF.

A

ionic strength

30
Q

[SID] drives dissociation of _____ to maintain electroneutrality.

A

water

31
Q

[SID] drives dissociation of water to maintain _____.

A

electroneutrality

32
Q

What does an increased SID need?

A

more negative charge

33
Q

What does a decreased SID need?

A

more positive charge

34
Q

How does water provide positive or negative charges to maintain normal SID and eletroneutrality?

A

Dissociates to provide H+ or OH-

35
Q

Increased [SID] drives increased [___] and decreased [___].

A

OH-; H+

36
Q

Decreased [SID] drives increased [___] and increased [___].

A

H+; OH-

37
Q

In metabolic alkalosis, [SID] is _____ because _____.

A

increased bc it drives increased [OH-]

38
Q

In metabolic acidosis, [SID] is _____ because _____.

A

decreased bc it drives increased [H+]

39
Q

An animal has diarrhea and excessively loses ECF Na+ relative to Cl-. What is the effect on SID and therefore the animal’s acid-base status?

A) SID will increase and cause acidosis
B) SID will increase and cause alkalosis
C) SID will decrease and cause acidosis
D) SID will decrease and cause alkalosis

A

C) SID will decrease and cause acidosis

40
Q

What do weak acids do at physiological pH?

A

partially dissociate

41
Q

What are 2 examples of weak acids?

A
  1. Proteins (albumin, globulin)

2. Phosphates

42
Q

What is Atot?

A

HA + A- (undissociated WA + dissociated WA)

43
Q

What occurs when Atot increases?

A

Increased [H+] and metabolic acidosis

44
Q

During metabolic acidosis, what happens to Atot and [H+]?

A

Atot and [H+] increase

45
Q

What occurs when Atot decreases?

A

Decreased [H+] and metabolic alkalosis

46
Q

During metabolic alkalosis, what happens to Atot and [H+]?

A

Atot and [H+] decrease

47
Q

Which statement about Atot is correct?

A) It is primarily determined by ECF phosphate concentration
B) It will increase if animal is hypoproteinemic (low ECF protein)
C) It is decreased by proteinuria (protein in urine)
D) [Atot] = [HA] - [A]

A

C) It is decreased by proteinuria (protein in urine)

48
Q

What type of mechanism do pCO2, [SID], and Atot utilize and why?

A

Compensatory; disturbances in one variable are compensated by other variables

49
Q

Respiratory acidosis is compensated by _____.

A

metabolic alkalosis

50
Q

High pCO2 is compensated by _____.

A

Increased [SID]

51
Q

What do the lungs use in acid-base regulation?

A

CO2

52
Q

What do the tissues use in acid-base regulation?

A

CO2 and [SID] (strong ions)

53
Q

What does the gut use in acid-base regulation?

A

[SID] (strong ions)

54
Q

What do the kidneys use in acid-base regulation?

A

[SID] (strong ions)

55
Q

What does the liver use in acid-base regulation?

A

Atot (proteins)

56
Q

What do the kidneys adjust to correct acid-base disturbance?

A

ECF [SID]

57
Q

What is the goal if an animal is acidemic?

A

increase ECF [SID]

58
Q

If animal is acidemic, renal ___ abs. decreases and ___ increases.

A

Cl-; Na+

59
Q

What is the goal if an animal is alkalemic?

A

Decrease ECF [SID]

60
Q

If an animal is alkalemic, renal ___ decreases and ___ increases.

A

Na+; Cl-

Histo (VM1 Fall) (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions