Exam 2 - Lecture 31 (Female Repro. System) Flashcards
What are the 4 steps to ovary development?
- Cells from degenerating mesonephric tubule move into the ovary
- Germ cells end up in gonadal cords (oocytes)
- Oocytes break away from cords and isolate
- Each oocyte is surrounded by follicular cells
Where do follicular cells come from?
Degeneration of mesonephric tubules
What 5 things does the paramesonephric duct give rise to?
- Uterine tube
- Uterine horn
- Uterine body
- Cervix
- Part of vagina
What 2 things does the urogenital sinus give rise to in females?
- Vestibule
2. Part of vagina
What is uterus didelphys and what animals have it?
2 cervices, 2 vaginas, 2 uteri
Marsupials
What is vagina simplex/uterus duplex and what animals have it?
2 uteri, 2 cervical canals, 1 vagina
Rabbits/rodents
What is uterus bicornis and what animals have it?
2 uterine horns, 1 uterine body, 1 cervix, 1 vagina
domestic mammals
What animal has the largest uterine body?
horse
What is unique to the uteri of primates?
They have a body and uterine tubes but no uterine horns
What are the 3 parts of the embryonic external genitalia at the indifferent stage?
- Genital tubercle
- Urogenital folds
- Labioscrotal swellings
What does the genital tubercle differentiate into in the male?
Penis (glans, corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum)
What does the genital tubercle differentiate into in the female?
Clitoris (glans, corpus cavernosum, bulb of vestibule)
What do the urogenital folds differentiate into in the male?
Ventral aspect of penis
What do the urogenital folds differentiate into in the female?
labia of the vulva
What do the labioscrotal swellings differentiate into in the male?
scrotum
What do the labioscrotal swellings differentiate into in the female?
Doesn’t/poorly develops
Primates = labia majora
What is the default gender is testosterone is absent?
Female
What are the 3 steps in development of external female genitalia?
- Anus separates from cloacal fold
- Urogenital fold –> vulvular lips
- Genital tubercle –> clitoris
What are the 3 steps in development of external male genitalia?
- Anus separates from cloacal fold
- Genital tubercle begins to form glans and labioscrotal swellings develop on either side
- Urogenital fold gets smaller and eventually closes
- Genital tubercle –> glans of penis
What is anogenital distance?
Distance between anus and whatever structure the genital tubercle becomes (glans penis/clitoris)
What are the 5 malformations of genitalia?
- Genital hypoplasia
- Cryptorchidism
- Stenosis of the ducts, abnormal fusion
- Hypospadia
- Intersex conditions
What is genital hypoplasia?
Few or no germ cells
What is cryptorchidism?
Retained testicle (can be uni- or bilateral)
What is stenosis of the ducts?
Narrowing of ducts
What is hypospadia?
Open urethra
What is testicular feminization?
Pseudohermaphrodite
- Not enough testosterone was produced OR
- Test. receptor defective
Differentiation of which gender’s genitalia occurs first?
Male
What is a freemartin?
Dyzygotic twins
What occurs in the vessels of a freemartin?
They anastomose 90% of the time
What issues does a freemartin have?
reproductive issues (female most likely affected)
Which anatomic region of the repro tract is affected in a freemartin?
Cranial (caudal is normal bc it came from the urogenital sinus)
What part of the repro system is affected in a freemartin?
Paramesonephric duct derivatives (they are suppressed)
What are the 5 parts of the equine GI tract?
- Small simple stomach
- Normal small intestine
- Cecum of 1 m
- LONG ascending colon
- Normal transverse and descending colons
What are the parts of the ruminant GI tract?
- Large stomach (4 parts)
- Long small intestine
- Coiled ascending colon
- Intermediate size cecum
- Short transverse and descending colons
Equines are _____ fermentors.
Hindgut
Ruminants are _____ fermentors.
Foregut
What do mammals need in order to break down plant cell wall components?
microbes
How many chambers of the ruminant stomach are nonglandular and what occurs in them?
3; fermentation
How many chambers of the ruminant stomach are glandular and what are they similar to?
1; similar to the simple stomach
What are the 5 foregut derivatives?
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Descending duodenum
- Liver
- Pancreas
What is not a TRUE foregut derivative but is grouped with them and why?
Spleen; develops in same area and is also supplied by the celiac a.
What vessel supplies the foregut and the spleen?
celiac artery
What are the 6 midgut derivatives?
- Ascending duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Cecum
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
What vessel supplies the midgut?
cranial mesenteric artery
What are the derivatives of the hindgut?
Descending colon
What vessel supplies the hindgut?
caudal mesenteric artery
What 3 things happen in the differentiation of the simple stomach?
- Differential growth of the dorsal wall
- 90 degree rotation of dorsal portion to the left around the longitudinal axis
- Rotation around a dorsoventral axis (caudal stomach shifts to the right and cranially
What does the dorsal mesogastrium become?
Greater omentum
What does the ventral mesogastrium become?
Lesser omentum
What are the 4 parts of the ruminant stomach?
- Rumen
- Reticulum
- Omasum
- Abomasum
What is the rumen and what side does it face?
Expansion of the fundus; faces the left side
What is the reticulum and what side does it face?
Cranioventral pocket of the developing rumen; faces left side
What is the omasum and what side does it face?
Bulge along the lesser curvature; faces the right side
What is the abomasum and what side does it face?
Remainder of the stomach; position varies
