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Histo (VM1 Fall) > Exam 2 - Lecture 18 (Neuroglia 2) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecture 18 (Neuroglia 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is GDNF released by and why?

A

Released by astrocytes to keep properties of BBB

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2
Q

How do astrocytes transport glucose?

A

Use GLUT 1 transporter

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3
Q

Why do astrocytes store glycogen?

A

Energy reserve

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4
Q

How do astrocytes promote neuronal survival?

A

Nerve growth factor (NGF)

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5
Q

Where is GLUT 1 found?

A

perivascular end feet

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6
Q

What is glutamate?

A

NTM in the CNS

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7
Q

Where is glutamate released from?

A

terminal end of axons

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8
Q

What is important about glutamate at high concentrations?

A

It is neurotoxic

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9
Q

What is the space between the end of one neuron and the cell body of the next?

A

synapse

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10
Q

Describe the glutamine –> glutamate cycle in the neuron/astrocyte.

A
  1. Glutamine –> glutamate by glutaminase
  2. Glutamate transported to next neuron in vesicles, bind to GluR at postsynaptic neuron
  3. Can be transformed back to glutamine by glutamine synthetase in the astrocytic process
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11
Q

Where is glutamate –> glutamine?

A

Astrocyte

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12
Q

What neuroglia respond to tissue damage and remove debris by phagocytosis?

A

Microglia

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13
Q

Where are microglia found?

A

CNS (~20% of CNS neuroglia)

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14
Q

What happens to microglia once they are activated?

A

Proliferate and assume a phagocytic role

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15
Q

What stain is necessary to see microglia?

A

Golgi stain

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16
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found and what % of their location do they make up?

A

Found in CNS (~30% of CNS neuroglia)

17
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Increase conduction velocity by myelinating axons that are >1 μm in diameter.

18
Q

Where are Schwann cells found and what % of their location do they make up?

A

PNS (100% of PNS neuroglia, ONLY PNS neuroglia)

19
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Plasma membrane wrapped around an axon in a spiral fashion, effectively insulating axons from EC fluid.

20
Q

Where are Nodes of Ranvier located?

A

Between internodes (exposed to EC space)

21
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Increase conduction velocity by myelinating axons that are > 1 μm in diameter.

22
Q

What are the 3 steps to myelination?

A
  1. Cell processes elongate and encircle the axon
  2. One process starts wrapping the plasma membrane around the axon
  3. Exclusion of cytoplasm from encircling cell process, forming the myelin sheath
23
Q

What does the myelin sheath belong to?

A

plasma membrane of Schwann cell

24
Q

Where is the Schwann cell located in relation to the axon and myelin sheath?

A

On their periphery

25
Q

What is the state of axons in oligodendrocytes?

A

They do not support axons at all

26
Q

What happens to Schwann cells when axons are < 1 μm in diameter?

A

Support and surround axons, but no myelination

- Space around axons is open to EC space

27
Q

What is the relationship between myelin and conduction speed?

A

Myelin present = faster conduction speed

28
Q

What is the relationship between length of axon and conduction speed?

A

Longer axon = slower conduction speed and vv.

29
Q

What c.t. surrounds nerve fibers?

A

endoneurium

30
Q

What c.t. surrounds fascicles?

A

perineurium

31
Q

What c.t. surrounds nerves?

A

epineurium

32
Q

Axon + Schwann cells = ?

A

nerve fiber

33
Q

Nerve fiber + nerve fiber + nerve fiber, etc. = ?

A

fascicle

34
Q

fascicle + fascicle + fascicle, etc. = ?

A

nerve

35
Q

What is a Schwannoma?

A

Tumor of the Schwann cell

36
Q

What % of canine nervous system tumors do Schwannomas make up?

A

~27%

37
Q

What are two other names for Schwannomas?

A
  1. Neurilemmoma

2. Neurofibroma

Histo (VM1 Fall) (27 decks)

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