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Histo (VM1 Fall) > Exam 3 - Lecture 34 (Org. of Urinary Sys. I) > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Lecture 34 (Org. of Urinary Sys. I) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the renal system?

A
  1. Cleans the blood
  2. Regulates important EC fluid components
  3. Endocrine tissue
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2
Q

How does the renal system clean the blood (2 steps)?

A

Removes waste products by:

  1. Filtering blood to produce ultrafiltrate
  2. Selective reabsorption of desirable components from filtrate and returning them to the bloodstream.
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3
Q

How does the renal system pass undesirable components?

A

In the urine

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4
Q

How much (%) of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

25%

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5
Q

What are 3 ECF components does the kidney regulate?

A
  1. Ions (blood components)
  2. Acid-base balance
  3. BP
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6
Q

What hormone does the kidney release that is important for regulating blood pressure?

A

Renin

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7
Q

What hormone does the kidney release that is important for RBC production and what does it do?

A

erythropoietin (EPO); upregulates RBCs

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8
Q

What is the most important role of the kidney?

A

Maintenance of ECF

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9
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

Caudal to the last rib on the dorsal aspect of the abdominal cavity

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10
Q

What is the difference between the R kidney compared to the L one?

A

It is more cranial and is attached more tightly to the body wall

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11
Q

In what species are both kidneys level with each other?

A

pig

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12
Q

What is the general shape of the kidneys of cats, dogs, sheep, and goats?

A

kidney-bean shaped

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13
Q

What is the general shape of the kidneys of pigs?

A

flat and elongated

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14
Q

What is the general shape of the kidneys of horses?

A

large and heart-shaped

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15
Q

What is the general shape of the kidneys of cattle?

A

deeply fissured, highly lobed

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16
Q

What is the kidney capsule?

A

Structure that covers the kidney

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17
Q

What is the capsule made up of?

A

Mostly collagen and smooth muscle

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18
Q

What is the capsule important for?

A

Maintaining structural integrity of the kidney

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19
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Cleft on the lateral aspect of the kidney

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20
Q

What enters and what leaves the hilum?

A

Renal a. enters, renal v. and ureter leave

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21
Q

What is the color of the renal cortex?

A

Dark

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22
Q

What is the color of the renal medulla?

A

Pale

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23
Q

Why are the cortex and medulla different colors?

A

Cells in each are different

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24
Q

Is there c.t. in the renal cortex and medulla?

A

No

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25
Q

What is the osmolarity in the medulla in relation to the cortex?

A

Osmolarity of medulla is higher than in the cortex

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26
Q

What is a renal pyramid?

A

“Lobe” of the kidney that contains the medulla and cortex

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27
Q

Where are renal papilla?

A

At the renal crest (they are fused)

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28
Q

What is the renal pelvis and what does it do?

A

Extension of ureter; collects urine from papilla

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29
Q

Which statement about the gross morphology of the kidney is true?

A) Paired kidneys are located anteriorly in the body cavity
B) Gross external morphology is highly conserved across species
C) In most species, the R kidney is more cranial than the L
D) Cleft in kidney where ureter and vasculature enter/leave is called the capsule

A

C) In most species, the R kidney is more cranial than the L

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30
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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31
Q

What are the 7 parts of a nephron?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule)
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule
  3. Proximal straight tubule
  4. Loop of Henle
  5. Distal straight tubule
  6. Distal convoluted tubule
  7. Collecting duct
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32
Q

What makes up the renal/uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephron + collecting duct

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33
Q

What is the general function of the renal corpuscle?

A

Site of filtration; filtrate is formed

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34
Q

What is the general function of the proximal tubules?

A

Reabsorptive powerhouse of the kidney

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35
Q

What is the general function of the Loop of Henle?

A

Reabsorb water and NaCl

36
Q

What is the general function of the distal tubules?

A

Reabsorption – but not as much as proximal tubules

37
Q

What is the general function of the collecting ducts?

A

Last minute reabsorption/”fine tuning”

38
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A
  1. Cortical

2. Juxtamedullary

39
Q

What animals have cortical nephrons?

A

Mainly just aquatic animals

40
Q

What animals have juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Dogs and cats

41
Q

Where are cortical nephrons?

A

Mostly in cortex; LoH barely dips into the (outer) medulla

42
Q

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Start in cortex and LoH dips farther into (inner) medulla

43
Q

What are renal corpuscles made up of?

A

Glomerulus + Bowman’s Capsule

44
Q

Where are renal corpuscles found?

A

Cortex

45
Q

What is the cortical labyrinth made up of?

A

Proximal and distal CONVOLUTED tubules

46
Q

Where is the cortical labyrinth?

A

Cortex

47
Q

What are medullary rays made up of?

A

Proximal and distal straight tubules, collecting ducts

48
Q

Where are medullary rays located?

A

Run N to S and project out of the medulla

49
Q

What is the outer medulla made up of?

A

Loops of Henle, DST, collecting ducts

50
Q

Where is the outer medulla?

A

Between the cortex and the inner medulla

51
Q

What is the inner medulla made up of?

A

Collecting ducts

52
Q

Where is the inner medulla?

A

Between outer medulla and renal pelvis

53
Q

What 3 things are found in the cortex?

A
  1. Renal corpuscles
  2. Cortical labyrinth
  3. Medullary rays
54
Q

Are collecting ducts in the inner medulla cytoplasmically dense?

A

No

55
Q

Which nephron structure is only found in the cortex?

A) Collecting duct
B) Loop of Henle
C) Renal corpuscle
D) DST
E) Renal pelvis
A

C) Renal corpuscle

56
Q

What are 2 examples of anatomical/ultrastructural abnormalities in kidneys?

A
  1. Horseshoe kidney

2. Polycystic kidney disease

57
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

Kidneys do not separate; are attached at poles, work well but more prone to uroliths

58
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease and what is an example of a species it occurs in?

A

Small, closed, liquid-filled sacs (cysts) develop in the tissue of the feline kidney; found in Persian cats

59
Q

What is the prognosis for a cat with polycystic kidney disease?

A

Terminal bc it is non-treatable

60
Q

How does filtration occur through the capillaries of the glomerulus?

A

Blood squeezes out of the capillaries into the proximal tubule

61
Q

What are mesangial cells and what are the 2 types?

A

Cells that envelope the capillaries of the glomerulus; intraglomerular and extraglomerular

62
Q

What are the characteristics of intraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

They are phagocytic and contractile

63
Q

What are the characteristics of extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

They interact closely with the macula densa to form the JGA

64
Q

What are the two poles of the renal corpuscle?

A

Urinary and vascular

65
Q

What are the two arterioles of the renal corpuscle and how does blood flow thru them?

A
  1. Afferent = delivers blood to the corpuscle

2. Efferent = drains blood from the corpuscle

66
Q

How is capillary pressure determined in the glomerulus?

A

By afferent/efferent arteriole structure

67
Q

What is special about the diameter of the efferent arteriole?

A

It is smaller than the afferent so it is harder for blood to leave

68
Q

What does the macula densa interact with on the corpuscle?

A

Wall of afferent arteriole

69
Q

What part of the nephron is the macula densa a part of?

A

DST

70
Q

What is the macula densa important for?

A

Regulation of filtration

71
Q

Which of the following statements about the corpuscle is accurate?

A) Blood is filtered by Bowman’s capsule and filtrate is collected by the glomerulus
B) Extraglomerular mesangial cells direct filtrate to the proximal tubule
C) The macula densa is actually a part of the distal tubule
D) Blood enters via efferent arteriole

A

C) The macula densa is actually a part of the distal tubule

72
Q

What are the two layers of the renal corpuscle (ultrastructure)?

A
  1. Parietal

2. Visceral

73
Q

What type of cells make up the parietal layer of the corpuscle?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

74
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Small projections in the glomerulus that establish the filtration apparatus

75
Q

What are pedicels?

A

Small finger-like projections of podocytes

76
Q

In what layer of the corpuscle do you find podocytes and pedicels?

A

Visceral

77
Q

What are the 3 layers of filtration of the glomerulus?

A
  1. Wall of capillary
  2. Podocytes
  3. Podocytes (pedicels)
78
Q

What are the 5 structural components of the filtration apparatus?

A
  1. Basal lamina
  2. Slit diaphragm
  3. Pedicels
  4. Podocytes
  5. Fenestrated capillaries
79
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

Part of the filtration apparatus that serves as a filter

80
Q

What secretes basal lamina?

A

Podocytes

81
Q

What is the slit diaphragm?

A

Sheet of protein in between pedicels

82
Q

What is the purpose of the fenestrated capillaries in the filtration apparatus?

A

Pores in the epithelium serve as a filter

83
Q

What 2 things on the filtration apparatus serve as filters?

A

Basal lamina and slit diaphragm

84
Q

What are the 3 layers of the basal lamina, from inner to outermost?

A
  1. Lamina rara interna
  2. Lamina densa
  3. Lamina rara externa
85
Q

Where are the fenestrated capillaries located?

A

In the filtration apparatus deep to the basal lamina

86
Q

Which of the following sections of the uriniferous tubule is found nearly entirely in the medulla?

A) Renal corpuscle
B) Proximal tubule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Distal tubule
E) Collecting duct
A

C) Loop of Henle

Histo (VM1 Fall) (27 decks)

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