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Histo (VM1 Fall) > Exam 2 - Lecture 28 (Nervous & Cardio Systems) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecture 28 (Nervous & Cardio Systems) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain during development?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
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2
Q

What is another name for the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

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3
Q

What is another name for the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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4
Q

What is another name for the hindbrain?

A

Rhombencephalon

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5
Q

What are the 2 layers that make up the wall that surrounds the neural tube?

A

Mantel layer and marginal layer

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6
Q

What arises from the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

5 secondary vesicles

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7
Q

How many vesicles does the forebrain divide into?

A

2 (1 and 2)

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8
Q

How many vesicles does the midbrain divide into?

A

1 (3)

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9
Q

How many vesicles does the hindbrain divide into?

A

2 (4 and 5)

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10
Q

What do the walls of the vesicles eventually give rise to?

A

Neural structures

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11
Q

What do the 5 secondary vesicles of the brain eventually give rise to?

A

Cavities/ventricles

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12
Q

What does vesicle #1 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

A 
Wall = cerebral hemispheres
Cavity = lateral ventricles
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13
Q

What does vesicle #2 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

A 
Wall = Thalami
Cavity = 3rd ventricle
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14
Q

What does vesicle #3 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

A 
Wall = Midbrain
Cavity = aqueduct
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15
Q

What does vesicle #4 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

A 
Wall = Pons and cerebellum
Cavity = upper part of 4th ventricle
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16
Q

What does vesicle #5 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

A 
Wall = Medulla
Cavity = Lower part of 4th ventricle
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17
Q

Which part of the brain gives rise to the only cavity that is not a cavity?

A

midbrain/3rd vesicle –> aqueduct

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18
Q

What is the definition of a nucleus when we refer to hindbrain development?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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19
Q

What are the 3 steps to hindbrain/cerebellum formation?

A
  1. Rhombic lips form
  2. Rhombic lips advance toward each other and make contact
  3. Cells of external germinal layer divide and descend into cerebellum, connecting with Purkinje neurons
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20
Q

What are the 6 steps to forebrain (cerebrum) development?

A
  1. Cells/neurons in the mantel layer divide
  2. Cells pass thru marginal layer
  3. Cells in mantel layer divide again
  4. Cells pass thru marginal layer past 1st wave of cells
  5. Cells in mantel layer divide a 3rd time
  6. Cells pass thru marginal layer past 2nd wave of cells
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21
Q

Why is gray matter on the outside in the brain?

A

Successive waves of dividing neurons passing one another after going thru the mantel layer

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22
Q

What 2 things are successive waves of migration important for?

A
  1. Formation of sulcus

2. Formation of gyrus

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23
Q

What is a sulcus of the brain?

A

depression

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24
Q

What is a gyrus of the brain?

A

elevation

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25
Q

What are the 5 types of brain malformations?

A
  1. Cerebellar hypoplasia
  2. Anencephaly
  3. Lissencephaly
  4. Cranium bifidum
  5. Hydrocephalus
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26
Q

What is cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

Smaller than normal cerebellum

27
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

No brain = lethal

28
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A

Smooth cortex (waves of migration arrested)

29
Q

What is cranium bifidum?

A

Defect in neural tube formation; skull cannot form normally around the developing brain.

30
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Buildup of CSF due to an obstruction that does not allow for its reabsorption –> leads to malformation of the skull

31
Q

What is another name for cranium bifidum?

A

encephalocele

32
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior and posterior

33
Q

What is the relationship between the posterior pituitary and its axon?

A

Axon projects directly into the posterior pituitary

34
Q

What is the relationship between the anterior pituitary and its neurons?

A

Axons terminate on and release its contents onto a portal system which then carries those contents to the anterior pituitary.

35
Q

From which dermal layer does the entire pituitary gland originate?

A

ectoderm

36
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary originate from?

A

Upgrowth from roof of primitive mouth

37
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary originate from?

A

Downgrowth from the floor of the forebrain

38
Q

What type of return does the right atrium receive and from what vessels?

A

Systemic return from cranial and caudal vena cava

39
Q

What is the blood flow FROM the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary outflow to the lungs

40
Q

What type of return does the left atrium receive and from what vessels?

A

Pulmonary return from pulmonary veins

41
Q

What is the blood flow FROM the left ventricle?

A

systemic outflow to the aorta

42
Q

What is the relationship between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta?

A

The vessels wind around each other

43
Q

What is the 1st organ to FUNCTIONALLY differentiate?

A

heart

44
Q

The heart is the 1st organ to _____ differentiate.

A

functionally

45
Q

When do the 1st heart beats occur?

A

Around the time of neural tube closure (18-19d in dog, 35-38hrs in chick)

46
Q

The heart moves blood from _____ embryonic vessels thru the embryonic _____.

A

extra; circulatory system

47
Q

What are the 4 main stages of heart development?

A
  1. Cardiogenic plate
  2. Single median heart tube
  3. Cardiac loop
  4. Partitioning
48
Q

Where does folding of the cardiogenic plate initiate?

A

Outside of the embryo

49
Q

Where does the cardiogenic plate eventually end up?

A

Inside of the embryo

50
Q

What are the 3 steps in the folding of the cardiogenic plate?

A
  1. 2 endocardial heart tubes form in the cardiogenic plate
  2. EC heart tubes fuse (1st heartbeat)
  3. Contractions go caudal –> cranial (simple peristaltic pump)
51
Q

What is a simple peristaltic pump?

A

When heartbeats move from caudal –> cranial

52
Q

What are the 5 primitive heart regions?

A
  1. Truncus arteriosus
  2. Bulbus cordis
  3. Ventricle
  4. Atrium
  5. Sinus venosus
53
Q

What 2 things do the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis become?

A
  1. Ascending aorta

2. Pulmonary trunk

54
Q

What 2 things does the bulbus cordis (only) become?

A
  1. Part of right ventricle (conus arteriosus)

2. Small part of left ventricle

55
Q

What 2 things does the primitive atrium become?

A
  1. Right atrium

2. Left atrium

56
Q

What does the left sinus venosus become?

A

Coronary sinus

57
Q

What does the right sinus venosus become?

A

Part of the wall of the atrium

58
Q

What two things cause GENERAL formation of the cardiac loop?

A
  1. Rotation of heart to the right by differential growth

2. One part grows faster than the other

59
Q

What are the 4 steps to cardiac loop formation?

A
  1. Bulbus cordis and ventricle move caudally
  2. Atrium and sinus venosus more cranially
  3. Atrium becomes dorsal to ventricle
  4. Ventricle lies next to the bulbus cordis
60
Q

How are the atrium and ventricle connected to each other?

A

atrioventricular canal

61
Q

What are the 3 steps to AV canal partitioning?

A
  1. Constrictions begin on either side of the AV canal
  2. Dorsal and ventral endocardial cushions on periphery on AV canal grow towards each other and meet
  3. Cushions divide AV canal into R and L sides
62
Q

In what direction must atrial flow be maintained in intrauterine life?

A

R –> L

63
Q

How many septa and foramina form during atrial partitioning?

A

2 septa

3 foramina

Histo (VM1 Fall) (27 decks)

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