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Histo (VM1 Fall) > Exam 2 - Lecture 30 (Urogenital System) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecture 30 (Urogenital System) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

What happens if the DA doesn’t shut down properly

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2
Q

What is aortic coarctation?

A

Constriction of aorta

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3
Q

How do vascular ring anomalies happen?

A

If aortic arches do not degenerate properly

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of vascular ring anomalies that can occur?

A
  1. R 4th aortic arch –> adult aortic arch + R 6th aortic arch –> ductus arteriosus
  2. R 4th aortic arch –> adult aortic arch + L 6th aortic arch –> ductus arteriosus
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5
Q

Which vascular ring anomaly results in a normal animal with situs inversus?

A

R 4th arch –> adult aortic arch

R 6th arch –> ductus arteriosus

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6
Q

What happens in the vascular ring anomaly that results in an abnormal animal? At what point in the animal’s life does this begin to cause problems?

A

Ductus arteriosus degenerates into the ligamentum arteriosum which forms a ring around the esophagus and trachea;
Causes problems when the animal is weaned bc liquid diet can pass thru the ring but solids cannot

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7
Q

What are the 3 attempts of the body to make a kidney? Which one becomes the adult kidney?

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros
  3. Metanephros (becomes adult)
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8
Q

What two attempts of kidney formation are still retained in the adult kidney?

A

Pronephros and mesonephros

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9
Q

What two structures give rise to the urogenital ridge?

A
  1. Intermediate mesoderm

2. Coelomic mesothelium

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10
Q

Where are the urogenital ridges found?

A

Dorsal part of the embryologic coelom

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11
Q

Which is the most cranial, intermediate, and most caudal attempt at kidney formation?

A

Most cranial = pronephros
Intermediate = mesonephros
Most caudal = metanephros

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12
Q

What structures is the pronephros ventral to?

A

cervical somites

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13
Q

At what body level is the pronephric kidney developing?

A

Embryologic neck

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14
Q

What does the pronephric tubule look like?

A

primitive nephron (C-shaped with capillaries and large tubule coming off of one end)

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15
Q

Is the pronephric kidney functional?

A

No

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16
Q

What does the pronephric tubule connect to?

A

pronephric duct

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17
Q

What does the pronephric duct become/what is it retained as?

A

mesonephric duct

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18
Q

How many tubules does the pronephric kidney have?

A

7-8

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19
Q

How many tubules does the mesonephric kidney have?

A

70-80

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20
Q

What do mesonephric tubules look like?

A

Like pronephric tubules; glomerulus at one end, mesonephric duct at the other end

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21
Q

When does the mesonephric kidney begin to degenerate?

A

Once it reaches its maximum size

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22
Q

Which way does the mesonephric kidney degenerate?

A

Cranial –> caudal

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23
Q

What do the remnants of the mesonephric kidney give rise to?

A

Ovaries and testicles

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24
Q

In MALES, what 3 things do the caudal mesonephric tubules and duct give rise to?

A
  1. Testicular channels
  2. Epididymis
  3. Ductus deferens
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25
Q

What two structures give rise to the metanephric kidney?

A
  1. Metanephric diverticulum

2. Metanephrogenic mass

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26
Q

What are the 2 steps in the formation of the metanephric kidney?

A
  1. Metanephric diverticulum invades surrounding mesoderm from the mesonephric duct
  2. Surrounding mesoderm differentiates into the metanephrogenic mass
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27
Q

Off of where does the metanephric diverticulum branch?

A

mesonephric duct

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28
Q

What does the metanephric diverticulum give rise to?

A

Urine-conducting part of kidney (Ureter, renal pelvis, calyxes, collecting ducts); gets urine from kidney to bladder

29
Q

What does the metanephrogenic mass give rise to?

A

Nephrons that produce urine

30
Q

What are the 3 steps to nephron formation?

A
  1. Metanephrogenic mass differentiates into renal vesicles
  2. Renal vesicles differentiate into metanephric tubules
  3. Metanephric tubules connect to collecting ducts
31
Q

What structure gives rise to the collecting ducts?

A

metanephric diverticulum

32
Q

When does nephron formation occur?

A

at or around the time of birth

33
Q

Can adult animals form new nephrons to replace damaged ones?

A

No

34
Q

How many nephrons does the feline kidney have?

A

200,000

35
Q

How many nephrons does the canine kidney have?

A

300,000-500,000

36
Q

How many nephrons do the pig and ox kidneys have?

A

1.5 - 4 million

37
Q

Why are there variations in macroscopic appearance of kidneys in different species?

A

Differences in interactions between metanephrogenic mass and metanephric diverticulum.

38
Q

What 2 things give rise to the urinary bladder?

A
  1. Expansion of urachus

2. Cranial end of urogenital sinus

39
Q

What 2 things does the caudal end of the urogenital sinus give rise to in the male?

A
  1. Pelvic urethra

2. Penile urethra

40
Q

What 3 things does the caudal end of the urogenital sinus give rise to in the female?

A
  1. Pelvic urethra
  2. Vestibule
  3. Caudal vagina
41
Q

What does the mesonephric duct give rise to in males?

A

Ductus deferens

42
Q

What does the metanephric diverticulum give rise to?

A

ureter

43
Q

What are the 6 steps to duct incorporation/reorganization?

A
  1. Developing bladder expands dorsally
  2. Mesonephric duct and metanephric diverticulum are incorporated into the bladder
  3. Bladder wall grows at different rates
  4. Ureter’s opening switches from urethra to bladder
  5. Ductus deferens’ opening switches from bladder to urethra
  6. Trigone area is formed
44
Q

What are the 6 malformations that can happen during kidney formation?

A
  1. Renal agenesis
  2. Renal dysplasia
  3. Renal hypoplasia
  4. Ectopic kidneys
  5. Patent urachus
  6. Ectopic ureter
45
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

No kidney develops

46
Q

What is renal dysplasia?

A

Abnormal development of kidney

47
Q

What is renal hypoplasia?

A

Underdevelopment of kidney

48
Q

What is an ectopic kidney?

A

Kidney sits in the pelvis

49
Q

What is the purpose of the urachus in development?

A

Provides a route for urine to leave the body into the allantoic cavity

50
Q

When does the urachus close? What do you have if it doesn’t close?

A

At or around the time of birth; patent urachus if doesn’t close

51
Q

What 2 ways can urine flow after the membrane at the urogenital orifice degenerates?

A
  1. Down urachus into allantoic cavity

2. Down urethra into amniotic cavity

52
Q

What can happen if there is a patent urachus?

A

Can cause bacterial infection

53
Q

Where does the ectopic ureter open?

A 
Males = urethra
Females = urethra or vagina
54
Q

In what species is an ectopic ureter common?

A

Dogs

55
Q

What is the indifferent stage of development?

A

Stage where the embryo is not yet set on XX or XY

56
Q

What 2 structures are present at the indifferent stage of development and what does each give rise to?

A
  1. Mesonephric duct = male structures

2. Paramesonephric duct = female structures

57
Q

What two substances does the testis release?

A
  1. Müllerian inhibiting substance

2. Testosterone

58
Q

What does Müllerian inhibiting substance do?

A

Suppresses mesonephric ducts

59
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Stimulates mesonephric ducts and external genitalia

60
Q

What substance does the ovary release?

A

Estrogen

61
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Stimulates paramesonephric ducts and external genitalia

62
Q

Where do germ cells develop?

A

Caudal part of the yolk sac

63
Q

Where do germ cells end up after they leave the yolk sac?

A

Genital ridge

64
Q

What forms gonadal cords?

A

Disintegrating mesonephric tubules

65
Q

What are the 3 steps of testicular development?

A
  1. Mesonephric tubules disintegrate
  2. Mesonephric duct –> ductus deferens
  3. Paramesonephric duct degenerates
66
Q

What does the part of the mesonephric tubule that does not disintegrate become?

A

seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules

67
Q

What are the 5 steps to testicular descent?

A
  1. Gubernaculum tethers developing testicle to scrotum
  2. Mesenchymal cells pump HA into gubernaculum, attracts water
  3. Gubernaculum, inguinal canal, and scrotum expand
  4. Cells of gybernaculum remove HA
  5. Gubernaculum shrinks and regresses completely
68
Q

What are the 2 remnants of the gubernaculum in the adult male?

A
  1. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis

2. Proper ligament of the testis

Histo (VM1 Fall) (27 decks)

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