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Histo (VM1 Fall) > Exam 2 - Lecture 29 (Cardio & Urinary Systems) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecture 29 (Cardio & Urinary Systems) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of atrial partitioning?

A

To initially allow blood flow in utero from R –> L, but eventually shut that flow off postnatally.

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2
Q

How many septa and foramina form during atrial partitioning?

A

2 septa

3 foramina

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3
Q

What develops first in atrial partitioning?

A

septum 1

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4
Q

What is the opening between septum 1 and the endocardial cushion?

A

foramen 1

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5
Q

What are the 6 steps in atrial partitioning?

A
  1. Septum 1 forms on dorsal side w/foramen 1 between it and the endocardial cushion
  2. Septum 1 grows ventrally to meet the endocardial cushion
  3. FORAMEN 1 IS OBLITERATED!!!
  4. Foramen 2 forms as a result of apoptosis to keep flow of atrial blood from R –> L
  5. Septum 2 forms and grows ventrally
  6. Foramen ovale forms within septum 2
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6
Q

After atrial partitioning, what is the flow of blood from R atrium to L atrium?

A

R atrium –> oval foramen –> between septums 1 and 2 –> foramen 2 –> L atrium

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7
Q

What 2 things are formed during outflow separation?

A
  1. Aorta

2. Pulmonary trunk

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8
Q

From where are the aorta and pulmonary trunk derived?

A

Trucus arteriosus and small part of bulbus cordis

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9
Q

What divides the outflow of blood during outflow separation?

A

Spiral septum

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10
Q

What are the 2 steps of outflow partitioning?

A
  1. Cushions on periphery of truncus arteriosus grow together and fuse (@ different locations)
  2. Spiral septum forms to divide outflow
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11
Q

Why do the aorta and pulmonary trunk wind around each other?

A

Because of spiral septum formation

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12
Q

What is the division between the L and R ventricles during partitioning?

A

interventricular septum

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13
Q

What is the space between the IV septum and the endocardial cushion during partitioning?

A

interventricular foramen

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14
Q

What 3 things must happen during ventricular partitioning?

A
  1. IV septum projects dorsally
  2. Endocardial cushion grows ventrally
  3. Spiral septum projects to close IV foramen
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15
Q

What are the 4 examples of heart malformations discussed in lecture?

A
  1. Ectopic cordis
  2. Dextrocardia (situs inversus)
  3. Valvular defects (stenosis, insufficiency, dysplasia)
  4. Partitioning
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16
Q

What is ectopic cordis?

A

Heart is in an abnormal location

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17
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Situs inversus; adult heart is a mirror image of normal

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18
Q

What is valvular stenosis?

A

Narrowing across the heart valve

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19
Q

What is valvular insufficiency?

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A

Valve did not form correctly

20
Q

What is valvular dysplasia?

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A

Abnormal growth of valve

21
Q

What 4 things need to happen in order to have Tetralogy of Fallot?

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A
  1. IV septal defect
  2. Pulmonary stenosis
  3. Dextroposition of aorta (overriding)
  4. R ventricular hypertrophy
22
Q

How does R ventricular hypertrophy come about?

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A

Response of muscle to increased pressure of the L ventricle due to septal defect

23
Q

What is the purpose of the aorta receiving blood from both ventricles in fetal circulation?

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A

To cover developing fetus and all of the placental membranes

24
Q

What 5 things are done away with from the fetal circulation postnatally?

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A
  1. Umbilical artery
  2. Ductus arteriosus
  3. Oval foramen
  4. Ductus venosus
  5. Umbilical vein
25
How does the umbilical artery disappear from the fetus?
Collapses/tightly coils down on itself and closes off
26
How does the umbilical vein disappear from fetal circulation?
Blood no longer coming from placenta; drop in BP; drop in PGE2 to constrict vessels.
27
How does the ductus venosus disappear from fetal circulation?
Blood no longer coming from placenta; drop in BP; drop in PGE2 to constrict vessels. (Usually disappears at birth, sometimes postnatally)
28
Which atrium has higher BP in intrauterine life and why?
Right; due to venus return that it is taking it
29
How does the oval foramen disappear from fetal circulation?
BP in RA vs. LA swap (RA goes from high BP to low; LA goes from low BP to high), causing septum 1 and septum 2 to push against each other.
30
How does the ductus arteriosus disappear from fetal circulation?
BP in pulmonary trunk drops; PGE2 levels from placenta drops; increased [O2] (causes further systemic drop of PGE2)
31
What happens to PGE2 levels when [O2] rises?
Drops
32
Which part of fetal circulation takes the longest to shut down?
Ductus arteriosus
33
What are the 3 basic structures present at the beginning of embryonic circulation?
1. Heart in cardiac loop 2. 2 ventral aortae fuse together and 2 dorsal aortae fuse at level of heart 3. Aortic arches pass ventral --> dorsal to join the dorsal and ventral aortae
34
What arches are present in the mammalian embryo?
1, 2, 3, 4, 6
35
What animals have the 5th aortic arch?
Lower vertebrates (if mammals do develop it, it is rudimentary)
36
What do the numbers of the aortic arches represent?
The order in which they appear
37
Are all of the aortic arches present at the same time? Why?
No; 1st arch begins to degenerate as the 6th one develops
38
Between what 2 arches does aortic breakdown occur?
3rd and 4th
39
What do the 3rd and 4th aortic arches supply?
``` 3rd = head 4th = rest of body ```
40
What are the 4 steps in aortic arch formation?
1. Arches develop in order from 1-6 (#5 absent) 2. Arches #1 and 2 begin to degenerate as last one forms 3. Breakdown of aorta occurs between 3rd and 4th arches 4. Remaining arches give rise to different structures
41
What do the 3rd R and L aortic arches give rise to?
R and L internal carotid arteries
42
What does the 4th L aortic arch give rise to?
aortic arch
43
What does the 4th R aortic arch give rise to?
R subclavian artery
44
What does the 6th L aortic arch give rise to?
Ductus arteriosus
45
What happens to the 6th R aortic arch?
Separates from common aorta to allow GI tract to leave from that area
46
What are the 3 examples of aortic arch malformation we discussed in lecture?
1. Patent ductus arteriosus 2. Aortic coarctation (constriction) 3. Vascular ring anomalies

Histo (VM1 Fall) (27 decks)

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