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BIO 220 > EXAM 3- CH 6 TRANSLATION > Flashcards

EXAM 3- CH 6 TRANSLATION Flashcards

1
Q

in the Nuremberg experiment what was discovered

A

genetic code

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2
Q

what was used in the Nuremberg experiment

A
  • bacteria cytoplasm
  • 20 tubes with 1 radioactive amino acid
  • poly- U mRNA
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3
Q

results of the Nuremberg experiment

A

uuu codon = phe

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4
Q

term? explains the mechanism to read codons of 3 nucleotides to produce 20 aa from only 4 diff nucleotides

A

genetic code

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5
Q

how many bases are in a codon

A

3

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6
Q

how many codons are required to stop

A

3

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7
Q

how many codons are required to start

A

1

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8
Q

what direction is a code read

A

5’ —> 3’

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9
Q

true or false: codons are almost universal in all organisms, slightly different with unicellular eukaryotes and organelles

A

true

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10
Q

what kind of bond is formed between the aa and a tRNA

A
  • high energy

- phophodiester bond

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11
Q

explain the wobble effect

A

3 nucleotide in codon shows flexibility in complementary protein

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12
Q

what shape does tRNA have

A

clover

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13
Q

anticodon region in tRNA function

A

interact with mRNA by complementary base pairing

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14
Q

at what end does the aa attach

A

3’

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15
Q

where is the site of ribosomal assembly in eukaryotes

A

nucleolus

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16
Q

where are free ribosomes found

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

function of free ribosomes

A

synthesize cytosol proteins

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18
Q

where are bound ribosomes found

A

ER

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19
Q

function of bound ribosomes

A

secreted/mmb protein

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20
Q

when do the small and large subunits assemble

A

translation

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21
Q

what is required for the small and large subunits to assemble

A

mRNA

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22
Q

where is the carboxyl terminal located

A

by the a site in the ribosome

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23
Q

where is the amino terminal located

A

at the end of the aa chain

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24
Q

what is the order of the ribosome binding sites from left to right

A

e, p, a

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25
true or false: the structure and function of ribosomes are different in pro and eukaryote
false
26
in what kind of cell has a 70s size ribosomes
prokaryotes
27
in what kind of cell is the ribosome more efficient in
Prokaryotes
28
what structure is visible as one mRNA with multiple ribosomes
polyribosome
29
what is the advantage of having polyribosome
- increases speed of translation | - more proteins are produced
30
what terminal are aa added to
C- terminal
31
how long does bacteria take to add 1 aa
1/20th of a second
32
what kind of ribosome is RNA based, has catalytic activity, and acts like an enzyme
ribozyme
33
what couples each aa to its appropriate tRNA
tRNA synthetases
34
what drives translation forward and improves its accuracy
elongation factors
35
what are the 4 translation phases
- tRNA charging - initiation - elongation - termination
36
binding of aa to the appropriate tRNAs
tRNA charging
37
where is the ribosome binding site on the mRNA in pro
shine-delgarno sequence
38
what direction is protein synthesis
n-terminus to c-terminus
39
true or false: there is a conformation change of the ribosome in the elongation stage
true
40
what 3 things are required for protein maturation
- folding (and degradation) - modifications - localization
41
when a protein folds what regions are exposed
hydrophobic regions
42
term? assist in the folding, ATP hydrolysis required
chaperones
43
if a protein can not be folded properly where is it sent to
regulated degradation
44
what happens during protein modification
- attachment of sugar, lipids, phosphates - cleavage - combine w/ different polypeptides
45
what triggers the protein localization
- signal sequence
46
where does the signal sequence need to be for the protein to go to the ER and complete translation
- n- terminus
47
what was probably the 1st life on the planet
pre-RNA
48
example of a ribozyme
spliceosome
49
function of antibiotics
inhibit the growth of bacteria
50
what is needed to activate tRNA
- a.a - tRNA - a.a tRNA synthetase - ATP
51
what are the 2 regulatory proteins
- Activators | - repressors
52
what do activators bind to
enhancers
53
where are activators located
- far away from core promoter
54
what do repressors bind to
operator
55
true or false: differentiation in cells is irreversible
true
56
what is the name for genes that are always on
- constitutive or housekeeping genes
57
where are housekeeping genes normally found
in metabolism
58
true or false: low protein levels specific in some cells while absent in others
false
59
the cloning experiment (Gurdon) proved what
genome reprogramming
60
what animal was used in the cloning experiment (Gurdon)
African clawed frog
61
procedure of the cloning experiment (Gurdon)
- transplanted nuclei from differentiated cells into unfertilized nuclei deprived eggs - some developed into tadpoles
62
what was the first mammal cloned from a cell of an adult
sheep
63
term? nuclei that contain a complete set of genes, and can direct formation of a new organism
totipotent
64
what type of cell is faster at gene expression
prokaryotes
65
what type of cell is based on operons
eukaryotes
66
operons
promoter and sequence that is going to be translated
67
what are the 3 specific things that make up an operon
- several genes - core promoter - regulatory promoter
68
where transcription starts with consensus sequences to bind to sigma
core promoter
69
regulate transcription
regulatory promoter
70
bind to regulatory promoter DNA sites to respond to cues
regulatory proteins
71
speeds up transcription
activators
72
slows down transcription
repressor
73
true or false: both activators and repressors both require ligands to bind
true
74
activator binding enhancer turns on expression
positive regulation
75
repressor binding operator turns off expression
negative regulation
76
inhibitory ligand (positive regulation)
inactivates activator
77
inducible ligand (positive regulation)
stimulates activator
78
inhibitory ligand (negative regulation)
activates repressor
79
inducible ligand (negative regulation)
inactivates repressor
80
how many genes does trp have
5 genes
81
what are the 2 ways trp regulates
- negative regulation | - attenuation
82
what are the 2 ways lac regulates
positive and negative regulation
83
how many genes does lac have
3
84
produces beta-galactosidase to use lactose as C when glucose is not available
lacZ
85
lactose permease for transport inside cell
lacY
86
transacetylase
lacA

BIO 220 (20 decks)

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