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BIO 220 > EXAM 3- CH 6 TRANSLATION > Flashcards

EXAM 3- CH 6 TRANSLATION Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in the Nuremberg experiment what was discovered

A

genetic code

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2
Q

what was used in the Nuremberg experiment

A
  • bacteria cytoplasm
  • 20 tubes with 1 radioactive amino acid
  • poly- U mRNA
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3
Q

results of the Nuremberg experiment

A

uuu codon = phe

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4
Q

term? explains the mechanism to read codons of 3 nucleotides to produce 20 aa from only 4 diff nucleotides

A

genetic code

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5
Q

how many bases are in a codon

A

3

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6
Q

how many codons are required to stop

A

3

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7
Q

how many codons are required to start

A

1

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8
Q

what direction is a code read

A

5’ —> 3’

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9
Q

true or false: codons are almost universal in all organisms, slightly different with unicellular eukaryotes and organelles

A

true

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10
Q

what kind of bond is formed between the aa and a tRNA

A
  • high energy

- phophodiester bond

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11
Q

explain the wobble effect

A

3 nucleotide in codon shows flexibility in complementary protein

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12
Q

what shape does tRNA have

A

clover

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13
Q

anticodon region in tRNA function

A

interact with mRNA by complementary base pairing

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14
Q

at what end does the aa attach

A

3’

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15
Q

where is the site of ribosomal assembly in eukaryotes

A

nucleolus

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16
Q

where are free ribosomes found

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

function of free ribosomes

A

synthesize cytosol proteins

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18
Q

where are bound ribosomes found

A

ER

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19
Q

function of bound ribosomes

A

secreted/mmb protein

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20
Q

when do the small and large subunits assemble

A

translation

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21
Q

what is required for the small and large subunits to assemble

A

mRNA

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22
Q

where is the carboxyl terminal located

A

by the a site in the ribosome

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23
Q

where is the amino terminal located

A

at the end of the aa chain

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24
Q

what is the order of the ribosome binding sites from left to right

A

e, p, a

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25
Q

true or false: the structure and function of ribosomes are different in pro and eukaryote

A

false

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26
Q

in what kind of cell has a 70s size ribosomes

A

prokaryotes

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27
Q

in what kind of cell is the ribosome more efficient in

A

Prokaryotes

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28
Q

what structure is visible as one mRNA with multiple ribosomes

A

polyribosome

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29
Q

what is the advantage of having polyribosome

A
  • increases speed of translation

- more proteins are produced

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30
Q

what terminal are aa added to

A

C- terminal

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31
Q

how long does bacteria take to add 1 aa

A

1/20th of a second

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32
Q

what kind of ribosome is RNA based, has catalytic activity, and acts like an enzyme

A

ribozyme

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33
Q

what couples each aa to its appropriate tRNA

A

tRNA synthetases

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34
Q

what drives translation forward and improves its accuracy

A

elongation factors

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35
Q

what are the 4 translation phases

A
  • tRNA charging
  • initiation
  • elongation
  • termination
36
Q

binding of aa to the appropriate tRNAs

A

tRNA charging

37
Q

where is the ribosome binding site on the mRNA in pro

A

shine-delgarno sequence

38
Q

what direction is protein synthesis

A

n-terminus to c-terminus

39
Q

true or false: there is a conformation change of the ribosome in the elongation stage

A

true

40
Q

what 3 things are required for protein maturation

A
  • folding (and degradation)
  • modifications
  • localization
41
Q

when a protein folds what regions are exposed

A

hydrophobic regions

42
Q

term? assist in the folding, ATP hydrolysis required

A

chaperones

43
Q

if a protein can not be folded properly where is it sent to

A

regulated degradation

44
Q

what happens during protein modification

A
  • attachment of sugar, lipids, phosphates
  • cleavage
  • combine w/ different polypeptides
45
Q

what triggers the protein localization

A
  • signal sequence
46
Q

where does the signal sequence need to be for the protein to go to the ER and complete translation

A
  • n- terminus
47
Q

what was probably the 1st life on the planet

A

pre-RNA

48
Q

example of a ribozyme

A

spliceosome

49
Q

function of antibiotics

A

inhibit the growth of bacteria

50
Q

what is needed to activate tRNA

A
  • a.a
  • tRNA
  • a.a tRNA synthetase
  • ATP
51
Q

what are the 2 regulatory proteins

A
  • Activators

- repressors

52
Q

what do activators bind to

A

enhancers

53
Q

where are activators located

A
  • far away from core promoter
54
Q

what do repressors bind to

A

operator

55
Q

true or false: differentiation in cells is irreversible

A

true

56
Q

what is the name for genes that are always on

A
  • constitutive or housekeeping genes
57
Q

where are housekeeping genes normally found

A

in metabolism

58
Q

true or false: low protein levels specific in some cells while absent in others

A

false

59
Q

the cloning experiment (Gurdon) proved what

A

genome reprogramming

60
Q

what animal was used in the cloning experiment (Gurdon)

A

African clawed frog

61
Q

procedure of the cloning experiment (Gurdon)

A
  • transplanted nuclei from differentiated cells into unfertilized nuclei deprived eggs
  • some developed into tadpoles
62
Q

what was the first mammal cloned from a cell of an adult

A

sheep

63
Q

term? nuclei that contain a complete set of genes, and can direct formation of a new organism

A

totipotent

64
Q

what type of cell is faster at gene expression

A

prokaryotes

65
Q

what type of cell is based on operons

A

eukaryotes

66
Q

operons

A

promoter and sequence that is going to be translated

67
Q

what are the 3 specific things that make up an operon

A
  • several genes
  • core promoter
  • regulatory promoter
68
Q

where transcription starts with consensus sequences to bind to sigma

A

core promoter

69
Q

regulate transcription

A

regulatory promoter

70
Q

bind to regulatory promoter DNA sites to respond to cues

A

regulatory proteins

71
Q

speeds up transcription

A

activators

72
Q

slows down transcription

A

repressor

73
Q

true or false: both activators and repressors both require ligands to bind

A

true

74
Q

activator binding enhancer turns on expression

A

positive regulation

75
Q

repressor binding operator turns off expression

A

negative regulation

76
Q

inhibitory ligand (positive regulation)

A

inactivates activator

77
Q

inducible ligand (positive regulation)

A

stimulates activator

78
Q

inhibitory ligand (negative regulation)

A

activates repressor

79
Q

inducible ligand (negative regulation)

A

inactivates repressor

80
Q

how many genes does trp have

A

5 genes

81
Q

what are the 2 ways trp regulates

A
  • negative regulation

- attenuation

82
Q

what are the 2 ways lac regulates

A

positive and negative regulation

83
Q

how many genes does lac have

A

3

84
Q

produces beta-galactosidase to use lactose as C when glucose is not available

A

lacZ

85
Q

lactose permease for transport inside cell

A

lacY

86
Q

transacetylase

A

lacA

BIO 220 (20 decks)

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