Ch. 1 Flashcards
cell
- The basic unit from which a living organism is made
- an aqueous solution of chemicals, enclosed by a membrane, that has an ability to self-replicate.
micrometer measurement
equal to one millionth (10−6) of a meter or 10−4 centimeter
what does DNA form and how are the linked
two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units
what does DNA store
genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation
what Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA;
RNA
usual structure of RNA
single strand
what is RNA
a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits
function of RNA
informational, structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells
protein
Macromolecule built from amino acids
function of protein
- provides cells with their shape and structure
- performs most of their activities.
evolution
Process of gradual modification and adaptation that occurs in living organisms over generations
genome
The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or organism
how many chromosomes do humans have?
23
microscopes use what to examine cells and organelles
beam of light
microscopes use what to examine objects as small as individual molecules
beam of electrons
plasma mmb
The protein-containing lipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell
cytoplasm (prokaryote)
Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane
cytoplasm (eukaryote)
Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane except for the nucleus
what are fluorescence microscopes used to examine
a specimen that has been labeled with a fluorescent dye
ribosomes
Large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins
ribosome function
translates a messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain
eukaryote
organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.
prokaryote
- no nucleus
- bacteria
bacterium
- a member of one of the two divisions of prokaryotes
- some species cause disease
archaeon
- a member of one of the two divisions of prokaryotes
where are archaeons found
in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine
what does the nucleus contain
DNA
what does a chromosome contain
DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism
when are chromosomes visible
when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide
true or false: the mitochondrion is a mmb enclosed organelle
true
what organelle produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells
mitochondrion
chloroplast contains
chlorophyll
site of photosynthesis
chloroplast
photosynthesis
energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
what uses photosynthesis
plants, algae, and some bacteria
where are lipids and proteins are made
ER
true or false: the ER is not mmb enclosed
false
true or false: the Golgi apparatus is mmb enclosed
true
function of the Golgi apparatus
modifies the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum and sorts them for transport to other sites
cytosol
Contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles
cytoskeleton function
gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement
protozoan
A free-living
- nonphotosynthetic
- single-celled
- motile eukaryote
model organism
A living thing selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species
homologous
description of things that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin
