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BIO 220 > Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell

A
  • The basic unit from which a living organism is made

- an aqueous solution of chemicals, enclosed by a membrane, that has an ability to self-replicate.

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2
Q

micrometer measurement

A

equal to one millionth (10−6) of a meter or 10−4 centimeter

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3
Q

what does DNA form and how are the linked

A

two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units

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4
Q

what does DNA store

A

genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation

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5
Q

what Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA;

A

RNA

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6
Q

usual structure of RNA

A

single strand

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7
Q

what is RNA

A

a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits

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8
Q

function of RNA

A

informational, structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells

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9
Q

protein

A

Macromolecule built from amino acids

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10
Q

function of protein

A
  • provides cells with their shape and structure

- performs most of their activities.

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11
Q

evolution

A

Process of gradual modification and adaptation that occurs in living organisms over generations

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12
Q

genome

A

The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or organism

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13
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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14
Q

microscopes use what to examine cells and organelles

A

beam of light

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15
Q

microscopes use what to examine objects as small as individual molecules

A

beam of electrons

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16
Q

plasma mmb

A

The protein-containing lipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell

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17
Q

cytoplasm (prokaryote)

A

Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane

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18
Q

cytoplasm (eukaryote)

A

Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane except for the nucleus

19
Q

what are fluorescence microscopes used to examine

A

a specimen that has been labeled with a fluorescent dye

20
Q

ribosomes

A

Large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins

21
Q

ribosome function

A

translates a messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain

22
Q

eukaryote

A

organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.

23
Q

prokaryote

A
  • no nucleus

- bacteria

24
Q

bacterium

A
  • a member of one of the two divisions of prokaryotes

- some species cause disease

25
Q

archaeon

A
  • a member of one of the two divisions of prokaryotes
26
Q

where are archaeons found

A

in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine

27
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

DNA

28
Q

what does a chromosome contain

A

DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism

29
Q

when are chromosomes visible

A

when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide

30
Q

true or false: the mitochondrion is a mmb enclosed organelle

A

true

31
Q

what organelle produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondrion

32
Q

chloroplast contains

A

chlorophyll

33
Q

site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

34
Q

photosynthesis

A

energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

35
Q

what uses photosynthesis

A

plants, algae, and some bacteria

36
Q

where are lipids and proteins are made

A

ER

37
Q

true or false: the ER is not mmb enclosed

A

false

38
Q

true or false: the Golgi apparatus is mmb enclosed

A

true

39
Q

function of the Golgi apparatus

A

modifies the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum and sorts them for transport to other sites

40
Q

cytosol

A

Contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles

41
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement

42
Q

protozoan

A

A free-living

  • nonphotosynthetic
  • single-celled
  • motile eukaryote
43
Q

model organism

A

A living thing selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species

44
Q

homologous

A

description of things that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin

BIO 220 (20 decks)

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