CH. 1, 9, 2, 4 & 5 learning objectives

Question 1

what are the 4 molecular properties of life

Answer 1

1. all organisms use the same DNA
2. all cells use template polymerization
3. all cells translate RNA into protein in the same way
4. all cells use energy

Question 2

central dogma

Answer 2

DNA–> RNA—> protein

Question 3

Evolution is based on changes in the DNA _____ from an _____ _______

Answer 3

1. mutation
2. ancestor
3. gene

Question 4

what are the goals of mutation

Answer 4

• improvements
• damage
• no change

Question 5

what are the structural differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 5

• eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and Prokaryotes do not
• eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes do not

Question 6

Describe the ancestral cell that likely engulfed the aerobic bacteria that gave rise to mitochondria and explain why this event is thought to have preceded the acquisition of chloroplasts.

Answer 6

• an early aerobic eukaryotic cell likely engulfed aerobic bacteria that gave rise to the mitochondria
• then engulfed photosynthetic bacteria that gave rise to chloroplast

Question 7

Explain how the relationship between DNA, RNA, and protein - as laid out in the central dogma - makes the self-replication of living cells possible.

Answer 7

DNA encodes information that ultimately directs the assembly of proteins: the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA dictates the sequence of amino acids in a protein
THEN
Proteins catalyze the replication of DNA and the transcription of RNA into proteins

Question 8

Summarize how the processes of mutation and selection promote the gradual evolution of individuals best suited for survival in a wide range of habitats.

Answer 8

• Mutations change the sequence of nucleotides.
• mutation make offspring that are different from the parents
• Genetic change and selection, applied repeatedly over billions of cell generations, are the basis of evolution

Question 9

Review why scientists study model organisms.

Answer 9

• To gain a deeper understanding than could be achieved if their efforts were spread over many different species.
• Fundamental properties have been conserved through evolution.

Question 10

3 major branches of life

Answer 10

• bacteria, archaea, eucayotes

Question 11

genome

Answer 11

total genetic info of an organism

Question 12

gene

Answer 12

portion of DNA corresponding to a protein or RNA

Question 13

how many genes and base pairs do prokaryotes have

Answer 13

• 1000- 5000 genes

- 10000000 base pairs

Question 14

how many genes and base pairs do eukaryotes (humans) have

Answer 14

• greater than 25k genes

- 3200000000 bp

Question 15

orthologs

Answer 15

genes that share a common ancestor but in diff species

Question 16

paralogs

Answer 16

same genome, same ancestor gene, diff functions

Question 17

homolog

Answer 17

a gene inherited in two species by a common ancestor