exam 3-antibacterial drugs that disrupt bacterial cell wall Flashcards
two times of penicillin
- natural penicillin
- semi-synthetic derivatives of penicillin
penicillin may be bactericidal if:
-the organism is sensitive and if there is an adequate concentration of the drug in the blood
penicillin will be bacteriostatic if:
-An inadequate concentration = may retard growth, but may or may not control infection
causes of bacterial resistance:
- Ability of certain bacteria to produce penicillinase, an enzyme that inactivates penicillin
- Therefore penicillinase-resistant agents were developed (semi-synthetic agents)
examples of semi-synthetic penicillin:
-dicloxacillin
-oxacillin
-nafcillin
-ampicillin
-amoxicillin
(cillin’s)
penicillin is useful in treating:
- Urinary Tract Infections
- Septicemia
- Meningitis
- Abdominal infections
- Pneumonia and respiratory infections
penicillin is of NO value in the treatment of
viral/fungal infection
penicilin may be used as _____ against a potential secondary bacterial infection that can occur with a viral infection
prophylaxis
virus causes a _______ ______ ______, makes patient susceptible to bacterial infection
weakened immune response
Penicillin may be given for _____ ____ _____ prior to dental, oral or upper respiratory tract procedures
high risk patients
high risk:
rheumatic heart disease, chronic ear infections
adverse reactions of penicillin
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea and abdominal pain
- Gastritis
- Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)
- Stomatitis, dry mouth
(hypersensitivity) what can occur with administration of penicillin-based antibiotics?
anaphylactic shock
-usually occur after parenteral administration
nursing process for penicillin
- Always assess for adverse reactions especially hypersensitivity and anaphylactic shock
- C&S before Rx begins
- Penicillin given in units or milligrams
- Shake vial
- May have to add fluid to reconstitute powder – fluid varies depending on thickness of medication
- Follow directions on vial
- warn pt IM will sting
____ blood levels important
adequate
oral PCN on ____ ______
empty stomach
superinfections that can occur:
- oral
- vaginal
- diarrhea
if first dose of antibiotic, watch for:
allergic reaction
pt teaching
- Complete full course of medication
- Take on empty stomach
- Take with full glass of water
- Yogurt may reduce risk of superinfection
- S/S of adverse reactions to report
- Oral suspensions keep refrigerated, shake before use
- Do not give med to another family member
- From research for wider range of antibiotic activity
- Used in some strains resistant to PCN
- Chemically related to PCN
- Have “cef” in the generic name
- Divided into first, second, third, and fourth generation drugs
- Further generations more sensitivity to gram negative organisms
cephalosporins
actions of Cephalosporins
-Similar to PCN
(Targets the bacterial cell wall making it unstable)
-Bactericidal usually
-Active against the same bacteria as Penicillin + bacteria that is resistant to Penicillin
uses of Cephalosporins:
-Respiratory infections, ear infections, bone/joint infections, GU infections
-Those susceptable to Cephalosporins
(Strep, Stap, GC, Clostridia)
-May be used for pre-op, intra-op, and post-op to prevent infection during surgery on contaminated areas
(GI, Vagina)
adverse reactions of Cephalosporins:
- Most common = Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Mild hypersensitivity
- Patient allergic to PCN may be allergic to the cephalosporins (cross sensitivity)
- Can be nephrotoxic
Nursing process of Cephalosporins:
-Allergy History (Is patient allergic to PCN?) -Present symptoms of infection -Ongoing assessment to therapy -Shake oral suspensions -Follow directions for reconstitution -Large muscle site for IM injection (pain and tenderness at site)
pt teaching Cephalosporins:
- Take all meds until completed
- May take with food or milk if GI upset occurs
- S/S of adverse reactions to report
- Refrigerate oral suspensions
- Diarrhea 4-10 days after treatment begins = possible superinfecition, note for blood and mucus in stool
