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Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

This pathway is the way that humans get light cues; information is carried from the optic chiasm to the hypothalamus to entrain circadian rhythms.

A

retinohypothalamic pathway

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2
Q

In contrast to cortical somatosensory area S1, sensory area S2 maps….

A

both sides of the body

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3
Q

Narcolepsy is no longer considered a type of epilepsy, but rather a serious sleep disorder. Patients who suffer from narcolepsy have lost a large majority of the _______-containing neurons in the _______.

A

Hypocretin; hypothalamus

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4
Q

_____ cycles include seasonal changes in a range of body function, including body weight and reproductive status.

A

Circannual

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5
Q

Autopsy results from people who have died of fatal familial insomnia show evidence of degeneration in the…

A

thalamus

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6
Q

Widespread synchronization of cortical activity measured via EEG is characteristic of…

A

delta waves

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7
Q

Dolphins do no exhibit ____ sleep, mostlikely because motor inhibition during this stage would not allow the dolphins to surface for air.

A

REM

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8
Q

Stimulation of a Pacinian corpuscle causes the opening of ____ gated _____ channels.

A

mechanically; sodium

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9
Q

Sensory receptors that are specialized for responding to painful stimuli are called…

A

nociceptors

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10
Q

Descending spinal pathways that inhibit pain transmission in the spinal cord use the neurotransmitter…

A

serotonin

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11
Q

This brain structures acts as the hub for information processing, effectively determining where neuronal signals will travel to based on their origins

A

thalamus

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12
Q

There are four major interacting neural systems involved in sleep. One region is crucial to the activation of wakefulness is the…

A

reticular system of the brainstem.

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13
Q

Lesions of the SCN ____ circannual cycles.

A

Do not affect

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14
Q

In ____, cross-wirings occur in the sensory areas of the brain, so the person with this condition may taste music or hear sights.

A

synesthesia

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15
Q

Stage 2 slow-wave sleep is characterized by distinctive wave patterns in the EEG of 14 to 18 Hz called…

A

sleep spindles

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16
Q

Most modern sleeping pills, such as triazolam, act via receptors fort he neurotransmitter…

A

GABA

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17
Q

A local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates the impact of stimuli and the initiation of nerve impulses is called…

A

generator potential

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18
Q

Young mammals show a large percentage of ____, which _____ as they age.

A

REM; decreases

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19
Q

According to the concept of _______, particular nerve cells in the brain recognize sensory information that is specific to only particular types of information.

A

labeled lines

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20
Q

If a mouse with two copies of the Clock mutation is placed in a lab where the lights come on each day at 7:00 AM and go off each day at 7:00 PM, the activity rhythm of this mouse will display

A

a 24-hour rhythm

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21
Q

In order to send out nociceptive information, afferent cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord will secrete glutamate and…

A

Substance P

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22
Q

If a cycle of behavior of happens on a time range that is less than a single day length, it is considered ______, where if it takes longer than a day, it is considered …

A

Ultradian; infraradian

23
Q

Cats with lesions just ventral to the locus coeruleus sometimes…

A

appear to act out their dreams.

24
Q

In the terminology of rhythms research, the time that elapses between two successive occurrences of a circadian event, such as the commencement of the day’s activities, is called the

25
Studies have revealed that the _______ is especially active in tests that require spatial attention, and this region is believed to play a significant role in an “executive” attention system
cingulate cortex
26
Stimulation of the _______ produces analgesia in both rats and humans
periaqueductal gray of the brainstem
27
Light is the primary ____ for circadian rhythms.
zeitgeber
28
The body's main biological clock is located in the
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus
29
______ cells within the retina detect the light that regulates circadian rhythms.
Ganglion
30
Which rhythms last from seconds to minutes?
Ultradian rhythms
31
The menstrual cycle is an example of an _____ rhythm.
infradian
32
During which sleep stage do we lose voluntary muscle tone?
REM
33
The ____ measures the electrical potentials produced by eye movements.
EOG
34
The EEG shows the highest percentage of delta waves during Stage ___ sleep.
3
35
During what part of the night do we experience the most Stage 3 sleep?
Early
36
When do nightmares most often occur?
REM sleep
37
Where is slow-wave sleep generated?
Basal forebrain
38
The ___ triggers REM sleep.
Pons
39
The degeneration of ____ neurons produces human narcolepsy.
hypocretin
40
The doctrine of _____ explains why pressure on your eye produces a visual sensation.
specific nerve energies.
41
Mechanical stimulation of a Pacinian Corpuscle produces membrane potential changes called _____.
generator potentials.
42
The maximum firing rate for most sensory neurons is _____ action potentials per second.
1200
43
______ allows sensory neurons to overrcome the maximum firing rat limit on individual neurons in order to encode stimulus intensity.
Range Fractionation
44
In the phenomenon of ________, your nervous system increasingly ignores a constant stimulus.
Adaptation
45
The _____ somatosensory cortex receives touch information from the opposite side of the body.
primary
46
The _____ plays a special role in attention since lesions can cause neglect of stimuli on the opposite side.
Posterior parietal lobe
47
Which receptor is fast-adapting and enable us to detect small, sharp borders using touch?
Meissner's corpuscle
48
The strip of skin innervated by a specific spinal root is called a...
dermatome
49
The cool-menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) opens an ion channel in response to _____.
A mild temperature drop or menthol
50
The _____ dettermines when REM sleep and SWS take place.
hypothalamus
51
Anti-inflammatory drugs interfere with the synthesis of ...
leukotriene and prostaglandin
52
How would a lesion of the ascending reticular activating system affect consciousness?
produce continuous sleep
53
Which methods do sensor systems use to localize the source of stimulation?
Moving receptors locating receptors bilaterally Creating spatial arrays of receptor.

Psychology (25 decks)

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