Chapter 4 terms

Question 1

Neurochemistry

Answer 1

Study of the basic chemical composition and processes of the nervous system.

Question 2

Neuropharmacology

Answer 2

The study of compounds that selectively affect the nervous system.

Question 3

Exogenous

Answer 3

These substances are molecules from outside our own bodies, used throughout human history to affect our physiology and behavior.

Question 4

Endogenous

Answer 4

these substances occur naturally within the body.

Question 5

Agonists

Answer 5

Mimic effect of another transmitter

Question 6

Antagonists

Answer 6

bind receptor without activating it, it inhibits the release of transmitter.

Question 7

Inverse agonist

Answer 7

Bind to receptor and initiates opposite effect of usual transmitter.

Question 8

Competitive ligands

Answer 8

This ligand bind to the same part of receptor molecule as endogenous ligand.

Question 9

Noncompetitive ligands

Answer 9

These ligands bind to modulatory sites that are not part of the receptor complex that normally binds the transmitter.

Question 10

Amine neurotransmitters

Answer 10

Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin

Question 11

Amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 11

short chain amino acids that work as neurotransmitters

Question 12

Gas neurotransmitters

Answer 12

soluble gases; nitric oxide, carbon dioxide

Question 13

Co-localization

Answer 13

occurs when nerve cells contain more than one type of neurotransmitter

Question 14

Catecholamines

Answer 14

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 15

Indoleamines

Answer 15

melatonin, serotonin

Question 16

mesostriatal pathway

Answer 16

Pathway is found in the midbrain and its neurons have dopamine. this pathway is important in motor control and neuronal loss is a cause of parkinson’s disease.

Question 17

Substantia nigra

Answer 17

A part of the mesostriatal pathway in the midbrain its neurons have Dopamine. Innervates the striatum.

Question 18

Mesolimbocortical DA pathway

Answer 18

Originates in the midbrain in the Ventral tegmental area. Dopamine in this pathway is involved in reward, reinforcement, and learning. Abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia

Question 19

Ventral tegmental area

Answer 19

Projects tot he limbic system and cortex holds the mesolimbocortical DA pathway.

Question 20

Norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 20

This neurotransmitter from is released from the locus coeruleus (pons) and Lateral tegmental system (midbrain)

Question 21

Serotonin (5-HT)

Answer 21

This neurotransmitters is found in the raphe nuclei and their fibers project widely. Implicated in sleep, mood, sexual behavior, and anxiety.

Question 22

Opioid peptides

Answer 22

These neurotransmitters mimic opiate drugs such as morphine.

Question 23

Nitrc Oxide (NO)

Answer 23

A gas neurotransmitter; produced in cellular locations, does not tineract with membrane-bound receptors- diffuses out of and into cells.; can act as a retrograde transmitter.

Question 24

Binding affinity

Answer 24

The degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a receptor.

Question 25

Efficacy

Answer 25

The ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor.

Question 26

Partial agonists

Answer 26

These ligands produce a medium response when bound to a receptor regardless of dose.

Question 27

Tolerance

Answer 27

This cWhen successive exposures have decreasing effects.

Question 28

Metabolic tolerance

Answer 28

organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug therefore making the drug less effective

Question 29

Functional tolerance

Answer 29

Target tisse may show altered sensitivity to the drug.

Question 30

Bioavailable

Answer 30

When a drug is free to act on the target site

Question 31

Biotranformation

Answer 31

Produces active metabolites that may produce side effects.

Question 32

Local anesthetics

Answer 32

block sodium channels and therefore, block action potentials.

Question 33

Antipsychotics

Answer 33

A class of drugs used to treat schizophrenia

Question 34

Typical antipsyhotics

Answer 34

This medicine is a selective dopamine, D2, antagonsits (reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations.)

Question 35

Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 35

This medicine typically block some serotonin receptors and seem to reduce negative symptoms (such as social withdrawal and blunted emotional responses) of schizophrenia.

Question 36

Trycyclic antidepressants

Answer 36

This is a type of antidepressant increase norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapses by blocking their reuptake into presynaptic zxon terminals.

Question 37

Anxiolytics

Answer 37

Also tranquilizers are depressants- drugs that reduce nervous system activity.

Question 38

Benzodiazepine agonists

Answer 38

This medicine is for anxiety and acts on GABA-A receptors and enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA. Ex: Barbiturates