Chapter 14 Terms

Question 1

Circadian rhythms

Answer 1

Those functions of living organisms that display a rhythm of about 24 hours.

Question 2

Diurnal

Answer 2

rhythms during the light

Question 3

Nocturnal

Answer 3

the rhythms active during the dark

Question 4

Free-running

Answer 4

When an animal is maintaining its own cycle without external cues.

Question 5

Period

Answer 5

The time between two similar points of successive cycles, may not be exactly 24 hours

Question 6

Phase shift

Answer 6

The shift in activity in response to a synchronizing stimulus, such a light or food.

Question 7

Entrainment

Answer 7

The process of shifting the rhythm

Question 8

zeitgeber

Answer 8

The cue that an animal uses to synchronize with the environment

Question 9

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 9

Located above the optic chiasm in the hypothalamus, the biological clock

Question 10

Pineal gland

Answer 10

A gland that is sensitive to light.

Question 11

Retinohypotalamic pathway

Answer 11

Light info goes from the eye to the SCN via this pathway.

Question 12

Infraradian rhythms

Answer 12

These rhythms occur less than once per day.

Question 13

Ultradian rhythms

Answer 13

These rhythms occur more than once per day.

Question 14

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 14

This technique records electrical activity in the brain.

Question 15

Electr-oculography (EOG)

Answer 15

This technique records eye movements.

Question 16

Electromyography (EMG)

Answer 16

This technique records muscle activity

Question 17

Non-REM sleep

Answer 17

This type of sleep can be divided into three stages and is characterized by lack of rapid eye movements.

Question 18

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM)

Answer 18

This type of sleep is characterized by small-amplitude, fast-EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements.

Question 19

Stage 1 Sleep

Answer 19

This stag os sleep begins when vertex spikes appear. Heart rate slows, muscle tension decreases, eyes roll about. Lasts several minutes.

Question 20

Stage 2 sleep

Answer 20

This stage of sleep is defined by waves of 12-14 Hz that occur in bursts, called sleep spindles. K-complexes appear

Question 21

K-complexes

Answer 21

Sharp negative EEG potentials.

Question 22

Stage 3 sleep (slow-wave sleep)

Answer 22

This stage of sleep is defined by the appearance of large-amplitude, very slow waves called delta waves. Delta waves occur about once per second. By late Stage 3 sleep delta waves dominate

Question 23

Nightmares

Answer 23

Long frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper from REM sleep

Question 24

Night terrors

Answer 24

sudden arousals from NREM sleep, marked by fear and autonomic activity.

Question 25

Sleep deprivation

Answer 25

the partial or total prevention of sleep.

Question 26

Sleep recovery

Answer 26

the process of sleeping more than normal after a period of deprivation.

Question 27

General Anesthetics

Answer 27

Causes unconsciousness, produce slow waves in EEG that resemble SWS. Agonists of GABA-A receptors

Question 28

Isolated brain (encephale isole)

Answer 28

Made by an incision between the medulla and the spinal cord. Animals with this showed signs o sleep and wakefulness, proving that the networks reside in the brain.

Question 29

Isolated Forebrain (cerveau isole)

Answer 29

Is made by an incision in the midbrain. The electrical activity in the forebrain showed constant SWS but not REM.

Question 30

Basal forebrain

Answer 30

The constant SWS activity in the forebrain is generated by this

Question 31

Reticular formation

Answer 31

Activates the cortex. Electrical stimulation to this area will wake up sleeping animals, while lesions cause persistent sleep.

Question 32

Subcoeruleus

Answer 32

Neurons in this part of the pons are only active during REM sleep. Inhibit motor neurons to keep them from firing during REM sleep. Lesions prevent the loss of muscle tone during REM sleep.

Question 33

Narcolepsy

Answer 33

Disease where sufferers have frequent sleep attacks and excessive daytime sleepiness. Enter REM immediately after falling asleep.

Question 34

Cataplexy

Answer 34

a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse.

Question 35

Somnambulism (sleep walking)

Answer 35

Occurs during stage 3 SWS and may persist in to adulthood. Most are not acting out a dream. Main problem- the inability to wake into full contact with their surroundings.

Question 36

REM behavior disorder (RBD )

Answer 36

A disorder characterized by organized behavior from an asleep person