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aamc exams > exam 2 p/s > Flashcards

exam 2 p/s Flashcards

1
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye, structural

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2
Q

optic disc

A

round spot on the retina formed by the passage of the axons of the retinal ganglion cells. The ganglion cells transfer signals from photoreceptors of the eye to the optic nerve

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3
Q

occipital cortex

A

vision

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4
Q

temporal cortex

A

processing auditory info aand the encoding of memory. Also play a function in processing emotions, language and aspects of visual perception

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5
Q

dependency ratio

A

ratio of the number of economically productive members. Economically dependent are those too old or too young to work. With an aging population, the dependency ratio may increase

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6
Q

life course perspective

A

your environment, behaviors and stressors from an early age in life can impact life outcomes and health later in life

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7
Q

linguistic relativity (weak hypothesis)

A

human cognition is affected by language

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8
Q

linguistic determinism

A

Similar to whorfian hypothesis. Language determines thought, cannot think without it

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9
Q

whorfian hypothesis

A

perception of reality is determined by our thought processes, which are influenced by the language we use.

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10
Q

source monitoring errors

A

when the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to a specific recollected experience.

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11
Q

conversion disorder

A

physical symptoms of a health problem but no injury/illness/explanation for them

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12
Q

dissociative disorder

A

selectively forgetting elements of ones life

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13
Q

latent learning

A

subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation

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14
Q

meritocracy

A

jobs and pay are allocated based on an individuals talent and achievements rather than social status

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15
Q

social identity

A

self concepts are based on their membership in social groups

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16
Q

cultural capital

A

social assets of a person that promote social mobility in a stratified society.
Social capital is different… based on who you know that can promote mobility.

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17
Q

absolute poverty

A

person/household does NOT have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum living requirements over time. Essentially cannot meet basic needs

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18
Q

marginal poverty

A

when a person lacks a stable environment

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19
Q

residual poverty

A

chronic and multigenerational poverty

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20
Q

relative poverty

A

social disadvantage by income or wealth as compared to the social advantages linked to income or wealth in a society.

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21
Q

structural poverty

A

problems in society that lead to a lack of opportunity and a lack of jobs

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22
Q

socioeconomic gradient in health

A

graded relationship between social class and health, each step up on the hierarchy of social stratification tends to be associated with better health

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23
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

stressing the importance of personality factors to explain someone elses behavior and not considering genetic/environmental factors

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23
Q

interference

A

some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories

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24
components of attitude
affective, behavioral , cognitive
25
affective attitude
feelings
26
behavioral attitude
effect of the attitude on behavior
27
cognitive attitude
belief and knowledge
28
selection bias
selection of subjects for analysis is not random
29
stereotype threat
concern about confirming a negative stereotype about ones social group
30
self fulfilling prophecy
stereotypes lead to expectations and those expectations create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype.... self perceptions cause specific behavior
31
dispositional attribution
assigns the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic rather than to outside forces. this leads to fundamental attribution error
32
discrimination
does not occur with JUST a bias attitude. discrimination occurs if those biases affect the actions of the person resulting in differential treatment... requires action
33
confound variable
external factor that interferes with the relationship between an experiments independent AND dependent variables. Ex: rate of ice cream consumption increases with number of sunburns. BUT the confounding variable is HOT TEMPERATURE
34
moderating variable
relationship between two variables depends on a third.
35
social loafing
people operate more productive ALONE than in groups
36
thalamus
sensory information, NOT SMELL, is processed here before being sent to the cerebral cortex. plays a role in arousal
37
autonomy v shame
1-3 years
38
initiative v guilt
3-6 play age
39
oral stage
12-18 months, mouth
40
anal stage
2-3 years old, potty training
41
phallic stage
3-6 years, boys attached to mother, girls attached to father
42
latency stage
6 yrs old to puberty, interact with same sex peers
43
genital stage
beyond puberty, individuals are attracted to their peers
44
self serving bias
tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors. Our failures are due to external factors
45
confirmation bias
causes one to seek information that confirmed his or her existing point of view and ignore disconfirming evidence. This is often to occur with groupthink
46
response bias
our tendency to provide inaccurate or false answers to self report questions
47
different sides of brain functions
LEFT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE: LANGUAGE, VOCAB, WORDS right side: visuaspatial, music perception, emotion processing
48
analytical intelligence
academic tasks, problem solving, abstract reasoning
49
creative intelligence
invent solutions to new problems. thinking in unique ways, producing new products or ideas
50
interpersonal intelligence
ability to understand and interact effectively with others
51
emotional intelligence
manage, use , understand your own emotions in positive ways. ex: delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards
52
structural functionalist
social change is regarded as an adaptive response to something. When one thing changes, a tension is created, which is then resolved by the adaptive change of other parts
53
hawthorne effect
when subjects in a study attempt to change or improve their behavior because it is being studied
54
thomas theorem
if someone believes something to be real, they will experience the consequences. Ex: child believing in ghosts keeps them up at night
55
horizontal mobility
individual changes some aspect of social identity but maintains the same relative status
55
exhange mobility
simultaneous movement of people to upper and lower status. ratio remains the same due to the exchange
56
consistency cues
cues that focus on individuals behavior over time
57
distinctiveness cues
cues that focus on individuals unique behavior in similar situations
58
consensus cues
cues that focus on individuals behavior in relation to societal expectations
59
halo effect
tendency for an impression in one area to influence opinion in another ex: good impressions created by attractive people... this can affect other judgements
60
Just-world hypothesis
assumption that a persons actions inherently bring morally fair and fitting consequences
61
collectivistic culture
more likely to make situational attributions
62
individualistic
more likely to make dispositional attributions. More likely to interpret actions as characteristics of that person
63
prejudice
affective, emotional response. Gut feeling before you have time to process why.
64
stereotypes
contentful, cognitive (not affective like prejudice)
65
stereotype content model
warm and competence warmth: fondness for the group competence: how capable we think that group is
66
paternalistic stereotype
high warmth, low competency
66
admiration
high warmth, high competency
67
contemptuous
low warmth, low competenecy
68
envious
low warmth, high competency
69
institutional discrimination
larger patterns of unequal behavior made by institutions
70
heuristic
mental shortcuts
71
stereotype boost
occurs when members of a social group are or feel empowered by stereotypes
72
stigma
strong societal dissaproval of groups, indentities or behaviors
73
ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions from ones own culture
74
cultural relativism
belief that a persons practices and values should be evaluated based on their culture, rather than anothers
75
silent generation
careers and stabilization
76
generation x
Aftermath of wars
77
millenials
9/11 attacks and economic crisis
78
gender script
very specific scenario .... gender schema is different in that it is the underlying perceptions that shape the script?
79
racialization
when race is imposed on an individual
80
race formation theory
how racialization is employed to advance power/political goals
81
demographic transition stage 1
high death / high birth rate Total population is stable
82
stage 2 demographic transition
death rate decreases, birth rate remains high. population grows rapidly
83
stage 3 demographic transition
birth rate declines, death rate decline more slowly, population increase slows down
84
stage 4 demographic transition
birth rate and death rate both low, population starts to become stable
85
stage 5 demographic transition
low death rate with very low birth rate population is stable or slowly increases
86
population pyramid
changes in birth and death rates in males and females over time
87
total dependency ratio
((number of people 0-14) + (number of people 65+) / (number of people 15-64) ) x 100
88
crude birth and death rate
birth or death per year divided by population, times 1000
89
fertility rate
lifetime births per woman
90
great depression
deprivation and poverty that led to decrease in births
91
push factors
push people out of areas (poverty, war, violence)
92
pull factors
policies that pull immigrants to their country
93
world systems theory
core, semiperipheral, peripheral and other. core: higher skill labor peripheral: lower skill labor intensive
94
urban decay
hollowing out of urban areas
95
gentrification (urban renewal)
people moving back from the suburbs into the city
96
proactive vs reactive social movement
proactive: to make a change reactive: not necessarily to make a change
97
relative deprivation
person or gorup lacks certain resources in comparison to other groups in society (relative poverty)

aamc exams (14 decks)

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