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aamc exams > exam 2 p/s > Flashcards

exam 2 p/s Flashcards

1
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye, structural

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2
Q

optic disc

A

round spot on the retina formed by the passage of the axons of the retinal ganglion cells. The ganglion cells transfer signals from photoreceptors of the eye to the optic nerve

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3
Q

occipital cortex

A

vision

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4
Q

temporal cortex

A

processing auditory info aand the encoding of memory. Also play a function in processing emotions, language and aspects of visual perception

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5
Q

dependency ratio

A

ratio of the number of economically productive members. Economically dependent are those too old or too young to work. With an aging population, the dependency ratio may increase

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6
Q

life course perspective

A

your environment, behaviors and stressors from an early age in life can impact life outcomes and health later in life

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7
Q

linguistic relativity (weak hypothesis)

A

human cognition is affected by language

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8
Q

linguistic determinism

A

Similar to whorfian hypothesis. Language determines thought, cannot think without it

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9
Q

whorfian hypothesis

A

perception of reality is determined by our thought processes, which are influenced by the language we use.

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10
Q

source monitoring errors

A

when the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to a specific recollected experience.

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11
Q

conversion disorder

A

physical symptoms of a health problem but no injury/illness/explanation for them

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12
Q

dissociative disorder

A

selectively forgetting elements of ones life

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13
Q

latent learning

A

subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation

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14
Q

meritocracy

A

jobs and pay are allocated based on an individuals talent and achievements rather than social status

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15
Q

social identity

A

self concepts are based on their membership in social groups

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16
Q

cultural capital

A

social assets of a person that promote social mobility in a stratified society.
Social capital is different… based on who you know that can promote mobility.

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17
Q

absolute poverty

A

person/household does NOT have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum living requirements over time. Essentially cannot meet basic needs

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18
Q

marginal poverty

A

when a person lacks a stable environment

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19
Q

residual poverty

A

chronic and multigenerational poverty

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20
Q

relative poverty

A

social disadvantage by income or wealth as compared to the social advantages linked to income or wealth in a society.

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21
Q

structural poverty

A

problems in society that lead to a lack of opportunity and a lack of jobs

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22
Q

socioeconomic gradient in health

A

graded relationship between social class and health, each step up on the hierarchy of social stratification tends to be associated with better health

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23
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

stressing the importance of personality factors to explain someone elses behavior and not considering genetic/environmental factors

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23
Q

interference

A

some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories

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24
Q

components of attitude

A

affective, behavioral , cognitive

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25
Q

affective attitude

A

feelings

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26
Q

behavioral attitude

A

effect of the attitude on behavior

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27
Q

cognitive attitude

A

belief and knowledge

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28
Q

selection bias

A

selection of subjects for analysis is not random

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29
Q

stereotype threat

A

concern about confirming a negative stereotype about ones social group

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30
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

stereotypes lead to expectations and those expectations create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype….

self perceptions cause specific behavior

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31
Q

dispositional attribution

A

assigns the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic rather than to outside forces. this leads to fundamental attribution error

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32
Q

discrimination

A

does not occur with JUST a bias attitude. discrimination occurs if those biases affect the actions of the person resulting in differential treatment… requires action

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33
Q

confound variable

A

external factor that interferes with the relationship between an experiments independent AND dependent variables.

Ex: rate of ice cream consumption increases with number of sunburns. BUT the confounding variable is HOT TEMPERATURE

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34
Q

moderating variable

A

relationship between two variables depends on a third.

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35
Q

social loafing

A

people operate more productive ALONE than in groups

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36
Q

thalamus

A

sensory information, NOT SMELL, is processed here before being sent to the cerebral cortex. plays a role in arousal

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37
Q

autonomy v shame

A

1-3 years

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38
Q

initiative v guilt

A

3-6 play age

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39
Q

oral stage

A

12-18 months, mouth

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40
Q

anal stage

A

2-3 years old, potty training

41
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 years, boys attached to mother, girls attached to father

42
Q

latency stage

A

6 yrs old to puberty, interact with same sex peers

43
Q

genital stage

A

beyond puberty, individuals are attracted to their peers

44
Q

self serving bias

A

tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors.

Our failures are due to external factors

45
Q

confirmation bias

A

causes one to seek information that confirmed his or her existing point of view and ignore disconfirming evidence. This is often to occur with groupthink

46
Q

response bias

A

our tendency to provide inaccurate or false answers to self report questions

47
Q

different sides of brain functions

A

LEFT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE: LANGUAGE, VOCAB, WORDS

right side: visuaspatial, music perception, emotion processing

48
Q

analytical intelligence

A

academic tasks, problem solving, abstract reasoning

49
Q

creative intelligence

A

invent solutions to new problems. thinking in unique ways, producing new products or ideas

50
Q

interpersonal intelligence

A

ability to understand and interact effectively with others

51
Q

emotional intelligence

A

manage, use , understand your own emotions in positive ways.

ex: delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards

52
Q

structural functionalist

A

social change is regarded as an adaptive response to something. When one thing changes, a tension is created, which is then resolved by the adaptive change of other parts

53
Q

hawthorne effect

A

when subjects in a study attempt to change or improve their behavior because it is being studied

54
Q

thomas theorem

A

if someone believes something to be real, they will experience the consequences. Ex: child believing in ghosts keeps them up at night

55
Q

horizontal mobility

A

individual changes some aspect of social identity but maintains the same relative status

55
Q

exhange mobility

A

simultaneous movement of people to upper and lower status. ratio remains the same due to the exchange

56
Q

consistency cues

A

cues that focus on individuals behavior over time

57
Q

distinctiveness cues

A

cues that focus on individuals unique behavior in similar situations

58
Q

consensus cues

A

cues that focus on individuals behavior in relation to societal expectations

59
Q

halo effect

A

tendency for an impression in one area to influence opinion in another
ex: good impressions created by attractive people… this can affect other judgements

60
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

assumption that a persons actions inherently bring morally fair and fitting consequences

61
Q

collectivistic culture

A

more likely to make situational attributions

62
Q

individualistic

A

more likely to make dispositional attributions. More likely to interpret actions as characteristics of that person

63
Q

prejudice

A

affective, emotional response. Gut feeling before you have time to process why.

64
Q

stereotypes

A

contentful, cognitive (not affective like prejudice)

65
Q

stereotype content model

A

warm and competence
warmth: fondness for the group
competence: how capable we think that group is

66
Q

paternalistic stereotype

A

high warmth, low competency

66
Q

admiration

A

high warmth, high competency

67
Q

contemptuous

A

low warmth, low competenecy

68
Q

envious

A

low warmth, high competency

69
Q

institutional discrimination

A

larger patterns of unequal behavior made by institutions

70
Q

heuristic

A

mental shortcuts

71
Q

stereotype boost

A

occurs when members of a social group are or feel empowered by stereotypes

72
Q

stigma

A

strong societal dissaproval of groups, indentities or behaviors

73
Q

ethnocentrism

A

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions from ones own culture

74
Q

cultural relativism

A

belief that a persons practices and values should be evaluated based on their culture, rather than anothers

75
Q

silent generation

A

careers and stabilization

76
Q

generation x

A

Aftermath of wars

77
Q

millenials

A

9/11 attacks and economic crisis

78
Q

gender script

A

very specific scenario
…. gender schema is different in that it is the underlying perceptions that shape the script?

79
Q

racialization

A

when race is imposed on an individual

80
Q

race formation theory

A

how racialization is employed to advance power/political goals

81
Q

demographic transition stage 1

A

high death / high birth rate
Total population is stable

82
Q

stage 2 demographic transition

A

death rate decreases, birth rate remains high.
population grows rapidly

83
Q

stage 3 demographic transition

A

birth rate declines, death rate decline more slowly, population increase slows down

84
Q

stage 4 demographic transition

A

birth rate and death rate both low, population starts to become stable

85
Q

stage 5 demographic transition

A

low death rate with very low birth rate
population is stable or slowly increases

86
Q

population pyramid

A

changes in birth and death rates in males and females over time

87
Q

total dependency ratio

A

((number of people 0-14) + (number of people 65+) / (number of people 15-64) ) x 100

88
Q

crude birth and death rate

A

birth or death per year divided by population, times 1000

89
Q

fertility rate

A

lifetime births per woman

90
Q

great depression

A

deprivation and poverty that led to decrease in births

91
Q

push factors

A

push people out of areas (poverty, war, violence)

92
Q

pull factors

A

policies that pull immigrants to their country

93
Q

world systems theory

A

core, semiperipheral, peripheral and other.
core: higher skill labor
peripheral: lower skill labor intensive

94
Q

urban decay

A

hollowing out of urban areas

95
Q

gentrification (urban renewal)

A

people moving back from the suburbs into the city

96
Q

proactive vs reactive social movement

A

proactive: to make a change
reactive: not necessarily to make a change

97
Q

relative deprivation

A

person or gorup lacks certain resources in comparison to other groups in society (relative poverty)

aamc exams (14 decks)

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