b/b fl3

Question 1

electron transport chain

Answer 1

aerobic metabolism… connected to krebs…

Question 2

convergent evolution

Answer 2

distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs. (analogous limbs)

Question 3

gene inactivation

Answer 3

occurs in the sex with a DOUBLE copy of a chromosome. Not just females….

Question 4

simple diffusion

Answer 4

molecules diffuse unassisted, from high to low concentration.

Question 5

facilitated diffusion

Answer 5

passive diffusion, molecules are moved through transport proteins into the cell

Question 6

primary active transport

Answer 6

Ex: Na, K ATPase
uses chemical energy such as atp to move ions up the concentration gradient.

Question 7

secondary active transport

Answer 7

one molecule moves down the oncentration gradient which provides energy for another molecule to move up the gradient

Question 8

ATPase movement

Answer 8

3 Na+ out, 2 K in

Question 9

starvation =

Answer 9

ketone bodies and fatty acid oxidation.
Gluconeogenesis only occurs during short periods of fasting when there are low glucose levels.

Question 10

adrenal medulla

Answer 10

ONLY SECRETES NOREPINEPHRINE/EPINEPHRINE DURING SYMAPATHETIC RESPONSES

Question 11

Energy from the krebs cycle

Answer 11

produces ATP for many cellular processes, and NADH which supplies energy for the electron transport chain

Question 12

osmotic pressure is directly proportional to…

Answer 12

solute concentration.

Question 13

lactic fermentation

Answer 13

can be induced to generate NAD+, converts 2 pyruvate into 2 lactate

Question 14

hypoxia causes

Answer 14

in increase in glycolysis, shuts down aerobic metabolism. An increse in glycolysis = buildup of sources such as NADH which can be used to generate energy through lactic fermentation to produce lactate

Question 15

enzymes involved in glycolysis

Answer 15

hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, PFK, aldolase, Triose phophate isomerase, G3P Dehydrogenase.

Question 16

enzymes in glycogenesis

Answer 16

hexokinase in muscle, glucokinase in liver, phosphoglucomutase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphatase, glycogen synthase, branching enzyme

Question 17

restriction enzymes only recognize which sites

Answer 17

palindromic!!!!

Question 18

review the complexes in electron transport chain

Question 19

complex II is also known as

Answer 19

succinate dehydrogenase

Question 20

imprinted gene

Answer 20

expressed in a parent specific manner

Question 21

RNA viruses replicate through

Answer 21

reverse transcriptase!!!

Question 22

glomerulus

Answer 22

prevents the entry of large molecules such as proteins into the filtrate.

Question 23

rate of an enzymatic reaction can increase due to

Answer 23

decreasing activation energy, increase temp to be at optimal 37 C

Question 24

what effect does a decrease of plasma proteins in the blood have on an individual

Answer 24

decreased osmotic pressure due to the lack of large proteins such as albumin, a decrease in osmotic pressure will in turn increase the amount of fluid that goes to the body tissues

Question 25

unabosrbed fat from the intestine

Answer 25

leads to inhibited water reabsoroption, also may increase the osmotic pressure of the intestine due to lack of abosrption of fats. A decrease in water reabsorption = diarrhea

Question 26

osteoblast

Answer 26

build and repair bone, use up calcium

Question 27

osteoclast

Answer 27

break down bone, release calcium

Question 28

red fibers

Answer 28

slow twitch, myoglobin
endurance athletes

Question 29

white fibers

Answer 29

fast twitch, less myoglobin and mitochondria, short burst of energy rely on glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic)/
karate!

Question 30

striated muscle

Answer 30

skeletal, cardiac (intercalated disks that contain gap junctions allow cardiac to contract at the same time)

Question 31

acetylcholine

Answer 31

acts in the neuromuscular synapse, binding to ligands allow ca2+ to enter the muscle cell

Question 32

chondrocytes

Answer 32

makes up collagen and cartilage

Question 33

ligament

Answer 33

bone to bone

Question 34

tendon

Answer 34

muscle to bone

Question 35

axial

Answer 35

verticle axis, skull , vertebral column, ribs

Question 36

appendicular skeleton

Answer 36

extremeties, pectoral/pelvic girdle

Question 37

stimulators of osteoclasts

Answer 37

parathyroid hormone and calcitriol (derivative of vit D)

Question 38

calcitonin

Answer 38

decrease blood calcium, inhibits osteoclasts