b/b fl3 Flashcards
electron transport chain
aerobic metabolism… connected to krebs…
convergent evolution
distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs. (analogous limbs)
gene inactivation
occurs in the sex with a DOUBLE copy of a chromosome. Not just females….
simple diffusion
molecules diffuse unassisted, from high to low concentration.
facilitated diffusion
passive diffusion, molecules are moved through transport proteins into the cell
primary active transport
Ex: Na, K ATPase
uses chemical energy such as atp to move ions up the concentration gradient.
secondary active transport
one molecule moves down the oncentration gradient which provides energy for another molecule to move up the gradient
ATPase movement
3 Na+ out, 2 K in
starvation =
ketone bodies and fatty acid oxidation.
Gluconeogenesis only occurs during short periods of fasting when there are low glucose levels.
adrenal medulla
ONLY SECRETES NOREPINEPHRINE/EPINEPHRINE DURING SYMAPATHETIC RESPONSES
Energy from the krebs cycle
produces ATP for many cellular processes, and NADH which supplies energy for the electron transport chain
osmotic pressure is directly proportional to…
solute concentration.
lactic fermentation
can be induced to generate NAD+, converts 2 pyruvate into 2 lactate
hypoxia causes
in increase in glycolysis, shuts down aerobic metabolism. An increse in glycolysis = buildup of sources such as NADH which can be used to generate energy through lactic fermentation to produce lactate
enzymes involved in glycolysis
hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, PFK, aldolase, Triose phophate isomerase, G3P Dehydrogenase.
enzymes in glycogenesis
hexokinase in muscle, glucokinase in liver, phosphoglucomutase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphatase, glycogen synthase, branching enzyme
restriction enzymes only recognize which sites
palindromic!!!!
review the complexes in electron transport chain
complex II is also known as
succinate dehydrogenase
imprinted gene
expressed in a parent specific manner
RNA viruses replicate through
reverse transcriptase!!!
glomerulus
prevents the entry of large molecules such as proteins into the filtrate.
rate of an enzymatic reaction can increase due to
decreasing activation energy, increase temp to be at optimal 37 C
what effect does a decrease of plasma proteins in the blood have on an individual
decreased osmotic pressure due to the lack of large proteins such as albumin, a decrease in osmotic pressure will in turn increase the amount of fluid that goes to the body tissues
