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aamc exams > exam 1: C/P, B/B > Flashcards

exam 1: C/P, B/B Flashcards

1
Q

Rf value equation

A

(distance traveled by solute / distance traveled by solvent)

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2
Q

dehydration involves;

A
  • occurs readily with tertiary OH’s
  • loss of water molecule
  • carbocation intermediate.
  • is NOT stereospecific
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3
Q

Peptide bond functional group (between amino acids)

A

Amide functional group, formed between a carboxyl group and an amine.

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4
Q

gas-liquid chromatography

A

first peak to emerge will be least polar, most volatile compound.
ex: methylbutene will emerge before something like methylbutanol

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5
Q

SN2

A
  • occurs with primary carbons
  • inversion of configuration
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6
Q

thin lens formula

A

strength of the eye lens is equal to the inverse of the focal length of the eye lens.
1/f = ( 1/u + 1/v)

f = focal length
u = object distance
v = image distance

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7
Q

how do enzymes affect chemical reactions

A
  • stabilize the transition state which changes the activation energy of the reaction.
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8
Q

How to decrease the percent ionization of a substance?

A

adding a strong acid.
(# of ions produced / total # of molecules) x 100

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9
Q

Ohms law

A

I = V/R

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10
Q

index of refraction equation

A

Index = (speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium)

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11
Q

energy of a photon emitted

A

E = hf

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12
Q

atmospheric pressure in mmHg

A

1 atm = 760 mmHg

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13
Q

work equation

A

W = P x t
F * d

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14
Q

disulfide bridge

A

intermolecular covalent bonding

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15
Q

why is blood flow slower in capillaries than arteries?

A
  • total cross-sectional area of capillaries exceed arteries, due to high number of capillaries
  • this causes velocity to decrease
    V = blood flow x area
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16
Q

octahedral compounds

A

six sigma bonds, no lone pairs.
stereochemistry = d2 sp3

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17
Q

ideal gas law

A

PV = nRT
1. negligable volume
2. no intermolecular forces
3. gas particles move randomly
4. gas particles are equal size
5. elastic collision
6. molar volume of ideal gas at 25C = 24.4. L

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18
Q

cone vs rods

A

cones = important for colors of light, high details
rods = low light vision
Opsins in cones enable the detection of different colors.

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19
Q

lipase

A

type of hydrolase.
ex: hydrolyzes triacylglycerides

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20
Q

brush up on amino acids and their charges

A

–

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21
Q

determining pH scale changes

A

pH is logarithmic (pH = -log([H+]). therefore if pH difference = n ,
10^n will determine the change.

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22
Q

bonds in glucose

A

subunit bound to subunit = a-1,4-glycosidic bond.
Branches = a-1,6- glycosidic bond.

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23
Q

what do gamma, beta and alpha decay emit

A

Gamma = photon.
Beta + = protons
Beta - = electrons
alpha decay = 2 protons + 2 neutrons

24
Q

spontaneous reactions that create gaseous products from solids and liquids must have

A
  • negative G
  • positive S
25
Q

What might happen if a catalyst cannotbe separated from the products?

A

The products will be contaminated. duh!

26
Q

does grinding a catalyst change the rate of a reaction?

A

Yes, it increases the speed of the reaction due to an increase in surface area.

27
Q

review circuits

A
  • how to balance circuit equations
28
Q

E cell

A
  • know how to calculate and when to reverse a sign
  • A positive Ecell = spontaneous
29
Q

Common ion effect

A

introducing a molecule that has the same ion as the solution, which decreases solubility. This would cause the reaction to shift to the left

30
Q

What volume of .120 M CaI2 solution would contain .078 mol of the solute?

A

(0.078 mol) (1L / 0.120 mol) = .65 L = 650 mL

31
Q

Can somatic cell mutations be inherited?

A

No, only mutations in germ line cells can be inherited.

32
Q

Splice acceptor site

A

the border between intron and exon in a DNA sequence. Often end with AG.

33
Q

Chaperone protein

A

Help facilitate proper folding and inhibit the formation of nonfunctional protein aggregates.

34
Q

Clathrin protein

A

formation of vesicles for intracellular trafficking

35
Q

chemiosis

A

only step of cellular respiration where NAD+ is neither reduced to form NADH, nor is NADH oxidized to form NAD+.

36
Q

Muscle contraction.

A

Myosin binds actin after troponin binds to Ca2+.
Ca2+ binding allows tropomyosin to move, which frees the site of interaction between actin and myosin.
Review this?

37
Q

How to make it more challenging for a neuron to fire an action potential?

A

Raise the neuron-firing threshold.

38
Q

Where is glomerular filtrate highest in concentration in the kidney when urine is being produced?

A

Medullary portion of the collecting duct.

39
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

first tubule where glomerular filtrate passes. 65% of the filtrate is reabsorbed here.

40
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

contains dilute glomerular filtrate.

41
Q

Cortical portion of the collecting duct

A

last portion of the tubules where reabsorption of water and salts occur. Glomerular filtrate slightly less concentrated here.

42
Q

Medullary portion of the collecting duct

A

last portion of the tubules where water reabsorption can occur, which concentrates the filtrate. Most concentrated section.

43
Q

Function of the Na K ATPase during a neuronal action potential?

A
  • restoration and maintenance of the resting potential relies on this ATPase. Achieved by moving 3 Na+ out of the cell for every K+ moved into the cell.
44
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

transportation of macromolecules from extracellular fluid.

45
Q

Molecules that can pass freely through the membrane:

A

Hydrophobic molecules.

46
Q

Initial filtration step in the glomerulus of the mammalian kidney occurs by:

A

Passive flow due to pressure difference.

47
Q

Half life equation

A

(time of 1/2 life) * ( number of half lives)

48
Q

How to enzymes alter the rate of chemical reactions

A
  • co localizing substrates
  • altering local pH
  • altering substrate shape

DO NOT:
- alter substrate primary structure.

49
Q

cofactor

A

inorganic or organic helper molecules

50
Q

mature erythrocytes

A

are enucleated cells that do not contain DNA

51
Q

Animal viruses

A

They are obligate parasite meaning they can only infect animal cells, not bacteria.

52
Q

How are nucleotides linked

A

Linked by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar base of one nucleotide, and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide.
5’ end bears a phosphate, 3’ end a hydroxyl group

53
Q

Why does a decrease in Na+ affect Cl-?

A

Chloride ions movements follow sodium ions. If the levels of Na+ decline, so does Cl-

54
Q

endomembrane system

A

portion of the cells that is in charge of modifying proteins that will be secreted.

55
Q

Review pedigrees?

A

–

aamc exams (14 decks)

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