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aamc exams > exam 1: C/P, B/B > Flashcards

exam 1: C/P, B/B Flashcards

1
Q

Rf value equation

A

(distance traveled by solute / distance traveled by solvent)

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2
Q

dehydration involves;

A
  • occurs readily with tertiary OH’s
  • loss of water molecule
  • carbocation intermediate.
  • is NOT stereospecific
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3
Q

Peptide bond functional group (between amino acids)

A

Amide functional group, formed between a carboxyl group and an amine.

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4
Q

gas-liquid chromatography

A

first peak to emerge will be least polar, most volatile compound.
ex: methylbutene will emerge before something like methylbutanol

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5
Q

SN2

A
  • occurs with primary carbons
  • inversion of configuration
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6
Q

thin lens formula

A

strength of the eye lens is equal to the inverse of the focal length of the eye lens.
1/f = ( 1/u + 1/v)

f = focal length
u = object distance
v = image distance

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7
Q

how do enzymes affect chemical reactions

A
  • stabilize the transition state which changes the activation energy of the reaction.
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8
Q

How to decrease the percent ionization of a substance?

A

adding a strong acid.
(# of ions produced / total # of molecules) x 100

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9
Q

Ohms law

A

I = V/R

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10
Q

index of refraction equation

A

Index = (speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium)

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11
Q

energy of a photon emitted

A

E = hf

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12
Q

atmospheric pressure in mmHg

A

1 atm = 760 mmHg

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13
Q

work equation

A

W = P x t
F * d

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14
Q

disulfide bridge

A

intermolecular covalent bonding

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15
Q

why is blood flow slower in capillaries than arteries?

A
  • total cross-sectional area of capillaries exceed arteries, due to high number of capillaries
  • this causes velocity to decrease
    V = blood flow x area
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16
Q

octahedral compounds

A

six sigma bonds, no lone pairs.
stereochemistry = d2 sp3

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17
Q

ideal gas law

A

PV = nRT
1. negligable volume
2. no intermolecular forces
3. gas particles move randomly
4. gas particles are equal size
5. elastic collision
6. molar volume of ideal gas at 25C = 24.4. L

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18
Q

cone vs rods

A

cones = important for colors of light, high details
rods = low light vision
Opsins in cones enable the detection of different colors.

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19
Q

lipase

A

type of hydrolase.
ex: hydrolyzes triacylglycerides

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20
Q

brush up on amino acids and their charges

A

–

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21
Q

determining pH scale changes

A

pH is logarithmic (pH = -log([H+]). therefore if pH difference = n ,
10^n will determine the change.

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22
Q

bonds in glucose

A

subunit bound to subunit = a-1,4-glycosidic bond.
Branches = a-1,6- glycosidic bond.

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23
Q

what do gamma, beta and alpha decay emit

A

Gamma = photon.
Beta + = protons
Beta - = electrons
alpha decay = 2 protons + 2 neutrons

24
Q

spontaneous reactions that create gaseous products from solids and liquids must have

A
  • negative G
  • positive S
25
What might happen if a catalyst cannotbe separated from the products?
The products will be contaminated. duh!
26
does grinding a catalyst change the rate of a reaction?
Yes, it increases the speed of the reaction due to an increase in surface area.
27
review circuits
- how to balance circuit equations
28
E cell
- know how to calculate and when to reverse a sign - A positive Ecell = spontaneous
29
Common ion effect
introducing a molecule that has the same ion as the solution, which decreases solubility. This would cause the reaction to shift to the left
30
What volume of .120 M CaI2 solution would contain .078 mol of the solute?
(0.078 mol) (1L / 0.120 mol) = .65 L = 650 mL
31
Can somatic cell mutations be inherited?
No, only mutations in germ line cells can be inherited.
32
Splice acceptor site
the border between intron and exon in a DNA sequence. Often end with AG.
33
Chaperone protein
Help facilitate proper folding and inhibit the formation of nonfunctional protein aggregates.
34
Clathrin protein
formation of vesicles for intracellular trafficking
35
chemiosis
only step of cellular respiration where NAD+ is neither reduced to form NADH, nor is NADH oxidized to form NAD+.
36
Muscle contraction.
Myosin binds actin after troponin binds to Ca2+. Ca2+ binding allows tropomyosin to move, which frees the site of interaction between actin and myosin. Review this?
37
How to make it more challenging for a neuron to fire an action potential?
Raise the neuron-firing threshold.
38
Where is glomerular filtrate highest in concentration in the kidney when urine is being produced?
Medullary portion of the collecting duct.
39
Proximal convoluted tubule
first tubule where glomerular filtrate passes. 65% of the filtrate is reabsorbed here.
40
Distal convoluted tubule
contains dilute glomerular filtrate.
41
Cortical portion of the collecting duct
last portion of the tubules where reabsorption of water and salts occur. Glomerular filtrate slightly less concentrated here.
42
Medullary portion of the collecting duct
last portion of the tubules where water reabsorption can occur, which concentrates the filtrate. Most concentrated section.
43
Function of the Na K ATPase during a neuronal action potential?
- restoration and maintenance of the resting potential relies on this ATPase. Achieved by moving 3 Na+ out of the cell for every K+ moved into the cell.
44
Receptor mediated endocytosis
transportation of macromolecules from extracellular fluid.
45
Molecules that can pass freely through the membrane:
Hydrophobic molecules.
46
Initial filtration step in the glomerulus of the mammalian kidney occurs by:
Passive flow due to pressure difference.
47
Half life equation
(time of 1/2 life) * ( number of half lives)
48
How to enzymes alter the rate of chemical reactions
- co localizing substrates - altering local pH - altering substrate shape DO NOT: - alter substrate primary structure.
49
cofactor
inorganic or organic helper molecules
50
mature erythrocytes
are enucleated cells that do not contain DNA
51
Animal viruses
They are obligate parasite meaning they can only infect animal cells, not bacteria.
52
How are nucleotides linked
Linked by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar base of one nucleotide, and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide. 5' end bears a phosphate, 3' end a hydroxyl group
53
Why does a decrease in Na+ affect Cl-?
Chloride ions movements follow sodium ions. If the levels of Na+ decline, so does Cl-
54
endomembrane system
portion of the cells that is in charge of modifying proteins that will be secreted.
55
Review pedigrees?
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aamc exams (14 decks)

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