Exam 2: Lecture 16: Pelvic Cavity, retroperitoneum & urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main component of the pelvic cavity?

A

-The bony pelvis

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2
Q

What makes up the “bony pelvis”?

A

-Sacrum (dorsal part of pelvis)
-Os Coxae (fusion of ilium, ischium, pubic)
-Pelvic symphysis

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3
Q

How does the pelvic symphysis ossify in the horse?

A

-Ossifies from the pelvic bone 1st, then goes caudal to the ischial bone
-(ossifies cranial to caudal)

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4
Q

What is the terminal line of the pelvic inlet?

A

-The pelvic brim

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5
Q

What does the pelvic brim look like in mares and stallions?

A

-Mares = rounder
-Stallions = ovoid (ventral part narrower in stallions)

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6
Q

What makes up the terminal line of the pelvic inlet?

A

-Body of ileum laterally
-Right and left cranial branch of the pubis

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7
Q

The pelvic outlet is ____ than the pelvic inlet

A

-Narrower

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8
Q

Which is more flexible, the pelvic inlet or the pelvic outlet?

A

-Pelvic outlet b/c of the ligaments and muscles

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9
Q

When looking at the pelvic outlet from the outside, what is the central part?

A

-The anus

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10
Q

The vulva is ___ in the pelvic outlet and “sits” _____

A

-Vulva is ventral in pelvic outlet
-“Sits” in ischial arch

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11
Q

What are the dorsal, lateral, and ventral borders of the pelvic outlet?

A

-Dorsal: 1st caudal vertebrae
-Lateral: Sacrosciatic lig. & pelvic diaphragm
-Ventral: Ischiatic arch

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12
Q

What is indicated by the pink line?

A

-Sciatic ligament

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13
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint & why?

A

-Modified synovial joint b/c the auricular surfaces of the wing of sacrum & wing of ilium meet

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14
Q

What is inside the sacroiliac joint?

A

-Hyaline cartilage
-Fibrocartilage
-Supporting ligaments (dorsal sacroiliac lig., ventral sacroiliac lig., interosseous lig.)

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15
Q

Does the sacroiliac joint move much & why does this matter?

A

-No
-Important b/c this joint is going to pass all the force from the strength from the left to the spine (so need a little bit of movement but not too much)

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16
Q

What is indicated by the red arrows?

A

-Sacroiliac joint

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17
Q

The dorsal sacroiliac ligament is ____ to the sacroiliac joint

A

-Dorsal

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18
Q

The ventral sacroiliac ligament is ____ to the sacroiliac joint

A

-Ventral

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19
Q

The interosseous ligament is ____ the sacroiliac joint

A

-Inside

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20
Q

What ligament is indicated by the pink star?

A

-Sacrosciatic

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21
Q

The sacrosciatic ligament in the horse is similar to what ligament in the dog?

A

-Sacrotuberous ligament

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22
Q

What is the fancy name for the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

-Sacrotuberale latum

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23
Q

What are the boundaries of the sacrosciatic ligament?

A

-Lateral sacrum (& 1st caudal vertebrae) to ilium & ischium
-Greater ischiatic notch (foramen)
-Lesser ischiatic notch (foramen)

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24
Q

What goes through the greater ischiatic notch (foramen)?

A

-Lumbosacral trunk
-Cranial gluteal artery & vein

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25
Q

What does through the lesser ischiatic notch (foramen)?

A

-Tendon of internal obturator in the horse

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26
Q

What is important to remember about the ligaments in the sacroiliac joint?

A

-There are strong ligaments inside this joint

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27
Q

The urinary system consists of 6 organs, what are they?

A

-2 kidneys
-2 ureters
-1 urinary bladder
-1 urethra

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28
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

-Filter blood & produce urine
-Remove waste products & convert filtrate into urine
-Produce renin & erythropoietin (2 important physiologic hormones)

29
Q

What do the ureters do?

A

-Transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

30
Q

What does the urinary bladder do?

A

-Expandable muscular sac
-Blind sac that stores urine

31
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

-Eliminates urine from the body

32
Q

What is the difference in the urethras between males and females?

A

-The length of the urethra (longer in males)

33
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Adrenal gland

34
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

35
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

36
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Urinary bladder

37
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

-Retroperitoneal “behind the peritoneum”

38
Q

The ____ kidney is more cranial

39
Q

Where is the right vs left kidney located?

A

-Right = ~16th-17th rib
-Left = ~ last rib & 1st transverse process of lumbar vertebrae

40
Q

Where exactly is the right kidney located (more than rib #)

A

-Cranial pole is in the renal fossa in the liver
-Dorsal border against the diaphragm

41
Q

Both right and left kidneys are between

A

-The thoracolumbar junction & paralumbar fossa

42
Q

The kidneys are covered in

A

-Perinephric fat and a fibrous capsule

43
Q

What is located medially and close to the cranial pole of both kidneys?

A

-The adrenal glands

44
Q

What is the shape of the left vs. right kidney of the horse?

A

-Left kidney = bean shaped & smooth

-Right kidney = heart shaped & smooth

45
Q

The outer part of the kidney is the _____ and contains

A

-Cortex
-Contains renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules

46
Q

The inner part of the kidney is the _____ and contains

A

-Medulla
-Contains long loops of Henle & collecting ducts

47
Q

The union of every single papillae of every single pyramid in the kidney is called

A

-Renal crest

48
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Renal pelvis

49
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Terminal recess

50
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Unipapillary with renal crest

51
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Terminal recesses

52
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Renal pelvis

53
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Terminal recess (w/ injected papillary ducts)

54
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Terminal recess (w/ injected papillary ducts)

55
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

56
Q

The right kidney is located _______ and is found _____ on ultrasound

A

-Located ventral to last 2 or 3 ribs & 1st lumbar transverse process
-Find transcutaneously on ultrasound

57
Q

The left kidney is located _____ and is found _____ on ultrasound

A

-Located ventral to the last rib & 1st 2 or 3 lumbar processes
-Find transcutaneously & rectally on ultrasound

58
Q

What is the nephrosplenic (renosplenic) ligament?

A

-Peritoneal fold between organs (joins the spleen w/ the kidney)
-Entrapment zone for small & large intestines

59
Q

What would you do to the spleen to fix an entrapment in the nephrosplenic ligament?

A

-In horses the spleen has ~30% of the whole blood of the body (so a lot) so you can take blood out of the spleen (by exercise or drugs) to remove the entrapment
-Last resort: consider surgery for entrapment

60
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Left kidney

61
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

62
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Dorsal left colon

63
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Ventral left colon

64
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Nephrosplenic ligament

65
Q

Where is the urinary bladder located?

A

-Retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)
-Sits inside the pelvic cavity when empty

66
Q

What ligaments are attached to the bladder?

A

-Two lateral ligaments
-One median ligament

67
Q

The urethra is wrapped with

A

-Urethralis muscle

68
Q

What is the urethra like in mares?

A

-Short and wide