Exam 1: Lecture 5: One Health and Water, Land, and Air Flashcards
How long can a person live for without water and food?
A person can live for as many as 21 days without food, but only 3 days without water
What percentage of the world is covered in water?
70%
What percent of the human body is composed of water
60%
What is the most poorly managed natural resource
Water
- From all of the world, only a small fraction is available as fresh, accessible, liquid water
How much water comes from rivers and lakes
less than 1%
29% of water is underground
70% of water is glaciers
overall fresh water makes up 3% of total water
Cananda has 0.5% of the world population, but only ____% of the worlds liquid freshwater
20%
China has 20% of the world population but on ____% of the freshwater supply
7%
_____% of the water withdrawn from surface and groundwater sources is not returned to these sources
70%
Across the globe, irrigation is considered (least/largest) user of water. Irrigation produces 40% of the wolds food
Largest
Irrigation produces what % of the worlds food
40%
T/F: Water is constantly withdrawn from both surface and groundwater sources for human use
true
Define Consumptive water use
Consumptive water use does NOT return the water to its original source
Define Non-Consumptive water use
Non-consumptive use does not remove or only temporarily removes water from the orgional source and then returns it
How much water in gallons per ton does production of Soy use?
2,500
How much water in gallons per ton does production of Eggs use?
3,200
How much water in gallons per ton does production of chicken use?
4,500
How much water in gallons per ton does production of pork use?
5,900
How much water in gallons per ton does production of beef use?
20,700
What agricultural production uses the most water in gallon per ton
Beef production
What are impacts of Livestock Production on water quality
Nutrient loading of N and P from animal and feed waste
- biological oxygen demand
- Eutrophication of aquatic systems
Biological contamination
- Water borne bacteria, viruses and parasites
- drug residue contamination in surface runoff
- Heavy metal feed additives in surface runoff
What is defined as loss of soil in a particular area?
Erosion
Soil erosion affects water and wait quality and soil producitivity
Define soil erosion
the breakdown, detatchement, transport and redistribution of soil particles by wind, water or gravity
What is the main cause for soil degradation in most of the world?
Agriculture acitivites
Define Desertification
Dryland and regions become increasingly arid, losing their bodies of water, vegetation and wildlife
Occupy nearly half of the earts areas and are home to 1/3 of the human population
Drylands expierence water secuirty which limited production of crops, forage, wood and ecosystem sevices needed for survival
This is a globally expanding issue
What may serve as a resivor for fungal pathogens
Soil
What is characterized as a chronic, noncontagious, disseminated, granulomatous disease of people and other animals caused by dimorphic fungus
Histoplasmosis
- It produces mycelial growth in the soil and in culture at room temperature and grows in a yeast form in tissues and in cultures at 37C
Where can you normally find the organism/fungus Histoplasma Capsulatum
Soil that contain bird and bat manure
What does Anthrax use as a resivor?
soil
Which bateria can produce spores that are dormant and can live in the enviornment, like soil, for a long time, even decades
Bacillus Ansthacis
When do Anthrax spores activate and turn into active growing cells?
When they enter the person or animal ( a place rich with water, sugars, and other nutrients) are they then activated
Anthrax outbreaks typically occur when livestock are grazing on neutral or slightly ______ soil
Alkaline
the organism normally enters through the mouth, and less often via the nose or skin injury. Following ingestion or inhalation, the organism spreads rapidly throughout the entire body
T/F: Dead animals that are opened and not burned/buried provide a hostile enviornment for Anthrax
False! this is conisdered and ideal enviornment
Anthrax can live in the soil for 100 years or longer
How are flooded areas a source of infection for anthrax?
Anthrax spores may also spread by flooding pastures with contaminated water or dumping infected carcasses in streams or ponds
Low lying ground or marshy areas are readily contaminated by flooding, and resultant stagnant water holes may serve as a source of infection
Tetanus toxemia is caused by a specific neurotoxin produced by what organism in nectrotic tissue
Clostridium Tetani
What species are the most susceptible to Clostiridum tetani?
Almot all mammals are susceptible, although dogs and cats are more resistant than any other domestic or labatory mammals
Birds are quite resitant
Horses and lambs seem to be the most sensitive of all species, with the exception of people
What is a known resivor for Tetanus
Soil
Can a minor stimulation of the affected animals may trigger the characteristics tetanic muscular spasms
Yes!!
Where do tetanic musclar spasms occur
- May be severe enough to cause bone fracture
- May also affect the
Larynx
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
= may lead to respiratory failure
Can teatnus affect the CNS, and if so, what happens?
Yes it can!!
Involvement of the autonomic nervous system rsults in cardiac arrythmias, tachycardia and hypertension
Which toxin can cause spasmodic, tonic contractions of the voluntary muscles
Tetanus
What causes the following symptoms
Canine teatnus
- Symptoms include
Furrowerd brow
ears pulled together
lips drawn down
look for a wound, may not be obvious
Worn nails
What toxin can cause “lockjaw” as describes in this image?
Canine Tetanus
What toxin can cause “Sawhorse Stance” as seen below?
Equine Teatnus
What can we use to treat Teatnus in horses
Curariform agents, tranquilizers, or babriturate sedative
300.000 IU of teatnus antitoxin IV, BID
Penicillin or broad spectrum antibiotics
Good nursing during acute period of spasms
What causes White muscle disease as shown here?
Selenium Disease
Where is Clostridium Chauvoei naturally found in animals?
Intestinal tract
How long are spores of C. Chauvoei viable in the soil and purported to be a source of infection?
Years
What is another name for C. Chauvoei
Black leg
Outbreaks of _______ have occured in cattle on farms in which recent excavations have occured or after flooding
C. Chauvoei / Black leg
What has causing the following isse?
C. Chauvoei / Black leg
Which organisms probably are ingested, pass through the wall of the GI tract, and after gaining access to the bloodstream, are deposited in muscle and other tissues (Spleen, liver, and Alimentary tract) and may remain dormant indefinitely
C. Chauvoei / Black leg
Which organism is usually onset sudden and a few cattle may be found dead without premonitory signs
C. Chauvoei / Black leg
Which disease is characterized by the following
- Acute, severe lameness and marked depression are common
- Initally there is a fever, but by the time the clinical signs are obvious, body temperature may be normal or subnormal
C. Chauvoei / Black leg
What disease can be seen in the following image
C. Chauvoei / Black leg
C. Chauvoei / Black leg characteristics edematous and _______ swellings develop in the hip, shoulder, chest, back, neck or elsewhere
Crepitant
What disease causes the following?
C. Chauvoei / Black leg
- At first swelling is small, hot and painful
What disease has clinical signs such as swelling is small, hot and painful. As the disease progresses rapidly the swelling enlarges, there is crepitation on palpation, and the skin becomes cold and insensitive with decreased blood supply to affected areas
C. Chauvoei / Black leg
What disease shows charactersitcs such as edematous and crepitant swellings delveop in the hip, shoulder, chest, back and neck
- general signs include prostration and tremors
- Death occurs in 12-48 hours
- In some cattle, the lesions are restricted to the myocardium and diaphragm
C. Chauvoei / Black leg
What disease is a complex metabolic disturbance caracterized by
- hypomagnesemia
- Hyperexcitability
- muscular spams
- Convulsions
- respiratory distress
- Collapse
- death
Hypomagnesemic (Grass) Tetany
What disease is shown below?#
Hypomagnesemic (Grass) Tetany
Which stage of life are most susceptible to loss of Mg in the milk?
Adult lactating animals are the most susceptible
What disease is shown below?
Hypomagnesemic (Grass) Tetany
Using the Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution, how would you classify:
- No recomendations for safety
- 0 to 50
Good
Using the Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution, how would you classify:
- Usually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or havy exertion
- 51 to 100
Moderate
Using the Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution, how would you classify:
- People with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children should reduce prolonged or heavy exertion
- 101 to 150
unhealthy for sensitive groups
Using the Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution, how would you classify:
- People with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children should avoid prolonged or heavy exertion. Everyone else should reduce prolonged or heavy exertion
- 151 to 200
Unhealthy
Using the Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution, how would you classify:
- People with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children should avoid all physical activity outdoors. Everyone else should avoid prolonged or heavy exertion
- 201 to 300
Very unhealthy alert
What is the Jet Stream relating to weather and geography?
Narrow band of strong wind in the upper atmosphere
blows from the west to east
Can shift north to south
Flows along a warm and cold air boundry
carry particles from west coast to east cost of the USA
In what season is the Jet stream most pronounced?
Winter time
Define Air pollution
defined as gaseous and particulate contaminants that are present in the earts atmosphere
primaru pollutants are emitted directly into the air
In which layer of the Atmosphere do we live?
Troposhere
- The atmospheres may react with one another, light and water while in the troposhere to form secondary pollutants
How many premature deaths globally are linked to ambient air pollution, mainly from heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory infections in children
4.2 million premature deaths globally
Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for:
_____% of all deaths and diseases from lung cancer
29%
Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for:
_____% of all deaths and diseases from acutre lower respiratory infections
17%
Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for:
_____% of all deaths from stroke
24%
Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for:
_____% of all deaths and diseases from ischemic heart disease
25%
Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for:
_____% of all deaths and diseases from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
43%
What is the Clean air act and criteria pollutants
Federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources
- Authorizes the EPA to set and enfoce national ambient air quality standards
- standards are set and monitored for six major criteria pollutants
What are the 6 and main criteria pollutants from the clean air act of 1970
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Lead
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Ozine O3
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Particulate pollution
________ and greenhouse gas pollation leading to more frequent and sustained heat waves
Carbon dioxide
- Anticipated increases in ground lebel ozone pollution
- Potential for enhanced spread of water-borne and pest related diseases
- Evidence for increased production or dispersion of airborne allergens
What is the effect on animals/people due to stronger odors and higher hydrogen sulfide concentration
higher blood pressure
Define Airborne diseases
include any that are caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air
- Airborne transmission have been recorded up to 50 KM overland and 200 KM over water
What disease is this?
Foot and Mouth Disease
What condition is listed as the most commonly diagnosed respiratory disease in cats?
Feline Asthma
- Described as a constriction of the airways or bronchi
As many as ________cats in the USA suffer from acute or chronic astham
800,000
List examples of Specific Feline asthma-causing agents typically that typically remain unidentified, suspected allergens include?
- tobacco smoke
- dusty kitty litter
- Vaports from houshold cleaning solutions and aersol sprays
- Pollen from trees
- Weeds and grass
- Mold and mildew
- Dust mites
- Smoke from fireplaces and candles
- Some foods
What medication can be used to reduce inflammation in the lungs, with or without bronchodilators to dilate the airways in cats with Feline Asthma
Corticosteroids
- both of these drugs come in oral, inhaled, and injectable forms
- Although corticosteroids may be used alone, bronchodilators are usually not used on their own as they dont treat the airway inflammation that bring on the asthma
Define Canine Allergic Bronchitis
An allergica reaction to something in the enviornment that causes an inflammatory response in the upper airways
- the allergen is usally something the dog has inhaled
- Long standing allergic bronchitis can damage the tissues of the respiratory tract, leading to the more serious chronic bronchitis
What are the symptoms in a dog with Canine Allergic Bronchitis
Chronic dry, hacking cough
respiratory distress
open mouth breathing
pale mucous membranes
lethargy
exercise intolerance
What age is Canine Allergic Bronchitis most common in
Most common in older, smaller breeds of either gender
Suspected indoor allergens for Canine Allergic Bronchitis include?
- tobacco smoke
- wood burning stoves
- fireplaces
- carpet cleaners
- deodorizers
- air fresheners
- painting
- pesticide sue
What is the treatment protcols for Canine Allergic Bronchitis
Glucocorticosteroids
Bronchodilators
antibiotics may also be recommended
