Exam 2: Lecture 11: Head & Neck Digestive Pathway Flashcards by Matthew Irvin

What is different about equine lips vs. canine lips?

-Sensitive & mobile, used for selection & apprehension of food
-Upper lip sensitivity used when a twitch is applied, releases endorphins

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What is different about equine oral vestibule vs. canines?

-Communicates w/ the oral cavity by the diastema & space caudal to last molar

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What is important to note about the palatoglossal arch in equines?

-It is the caudal boundary of the oral cavity
-Joins caudal end of hard palate & root of the tongue

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What is the dorsal boundary of the oral cavity in equines?

-Hard palate

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What makes up the hard palate of equines?

-Incisive, maxillary, & palatine bones

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What is important to note about the equine hard palate?

-Covered w/ a thick mucosa w/ uneven palatine crests, an enlarged palatine venous plexus, & blind incisive papilla

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What is different about the incisive papilla in horses than dogs?

-Incisive papilla in equines is present, but a blind sac

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What is shown by number 1?

-Incisive papilla

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What is shown by number 3?

-Uneven palatine crests

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What is the ventral boundary of the oral cavity?

-Tongue

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What is the conformation of equine tongues?

-Long & spatulate in its apex

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What is shown by number 1?

-Lingual frenulum (narrow in equines)

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What structure on the equine tongue gives it a velvet-like surface?

-Filiform papillae

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What papillae on the equine tongue are scarce?

-Fungiform papillae

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What is circled on the equine tongue?

-Vallate papillae

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Where are the vallate papillae located on the equine tongue?

-Between the body and the root

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What is the dorsal boundary of the oropharynx?

-Soft palate

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What is important to note about the equine soft palate?

-It is elongated & has lymphoid tissue on it

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What is the rostral boundary of the oropharynx?

-Palatoglossal arch

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What is located between the root of the tongue and the base of the epiglottis?

-Glossoepiglottic fold

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What is located on each side of the glossoepiglottic fold and leads to the laryngopharynx?

-Epiglottic vallecula

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What do the epiglottic vallecula do?

-Prevents food from going into the airway

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What is indicated by the blue star?

-Soft palate

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What is indicated by the blue star?

-Palatine tonsil

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Where is the laryngopharynx?

-Dorsal to the larynx

What is different about the equine laryngopharynx?

-Lacks pharyngo-esophageal limen (fold)

What are the lateral and rostral boundaries of the oral cavity?

-Equine teeth

Why are equine teeth important?

-Needed to cut, crush, and grind highly fibrous feed stuffs (b/c herbivores)

What type of teeth are found in herbivores and what does the name mean?

-Hypsodont -Means "long tooth"

What type of teeth are found in carnivores?

-Brachydont (short tooth)

What is different about Hypsodont teeth?

-Teeth continue to erupt throughout life -"Wear" about 2-3 mm per year (depends on the diet)

What is the "clinical crown" of equine teeth?

-Part of the tooth you can see

What is the "reserved crown" of equine teeth?

-Inside the maxilla bone or mandible

What is the "root" of equine teeth?

-Top part of the tooth in the bone

What is the "anatomical crown" of equine teeth?

-The whole tooth

____ covers the surface of teeth

-Cementum

What forms the peridontal ligament cementing teeth in alveolar bone?

-Cementum

___ forms a layer underneath cement

-Enamel

What does the second involution of enamel in incisors create?

-A **cup** called the infundibulum

____ is a living, softer layer deep to enamel

-Dentin

What continues to produce new (secondary) dentin throughout life?

-Odontoblasts

What does secondary dentin do?

-Fills in exposed pulp cavity as the tooth is worn down, "**dental star**"

What is located deep inside the teeth?

-Arteries, veins, and nerves

What type of teeth might or might not errupt in mares?

-Canines -Found in both sexes but don't tend to erupt in mares

What is the first premolar?

-Wolf tooth

What is a wolf tooth?

-Small & nonocclusal (not important for grinding) -May or may not be present

What are the types of equine teeth?

-Incisors -Canines -Premolars -Molars

What are the "cheek teeth"?

-Premolars and molars except wolf teeth

How many incisors are there?

-3 incisors

What is the diastema?

+/- 1 canine (gap between teeth)

How many premolars and molars are there?

-3-4 premolars -3 molars

What is the dental formula for deciduous teeth?

2 (dI 3/3 : dC 0/0 : dPM 3/3) = 24

What is the dental formula for permanent teeth?

2 (I 3/3 : C 1/1 : PM 4/3 : M 3/3) = 36-42

What are the different incisors called?

-Central -Intermediate -Corner

What is important about the 2nd premolar?

-1st "cheek tooth"

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Central incisor

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Intermediate incisor

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Corner incisor

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Wolf tooth (small, only in upper jaw)

Explain the rule of 4 and 9 when talking about equine teeth

-Tooth x04 is ALWAYS the canine tooth (104, 204, 304, 404) -Tooth x09 is ALWAYS the first molar (109, 209, 309, 409)

What is tooth x06?

-The 2nd premolar (first cheek tooth) of the horse

What numbers are used for deciduous teeth in the equine?

-500, 600, 700, 800

What numbers are given to the upper right, lower right, upper left, lower left equine teeth?

-Upper right = 100 -Upper left = 200 -Lower left = 300 -Lower right = 400

What does "Anisognathus" mean?

-Means the upper arcade is wider and the lower arcade is narrower in equines

What does anisognathus in equines result in?

-Uneven wear of occlusal surface -"Points" on buccal side of upper cheek teeth and lingual side of lower cheek teeth

What do enamel "points" mean?

-Means there is no wear there

Upper arcade teeth tend to have teeth further ____ than lower arcade

rostral

What is the result of the upper arcade teeth being further rostral than the lower arcade teeth?

-Results in uneven wear & "hooks" on first upper cheek tooth and last lower cheek tooth

____ can prevent hook and point formation and improve the grinding surface of equine teeth

-Regular "floating"

What kind of chewing motion do equines do?

-Circular

What is the most accurate way to age horses using teeth?

-Eruption dates

How do we use eruption dates to age horses?

-Use incisors -Central incisors erupt at 6 days, intermediate at 6 weeks, corner at 6 months -Central incisors change to permanent at 2.5 years, intermediate at 3.5 years, corner at 4.5 years

It takes ____ for teeth to erupt to occlusal surface and for enamel to begin to erode

6 months

What is meant when teeth are "level"

-All enamel is in wear (lower & upper jaw)

Cups begin to disappear around what age?

-6 years of age

What is the eruption timeline of canines and cheek teeth?

-Canines: 5 years -PM: 2, 3, 4 years -M: 1, 2, 3.5-4 years

What can occur on the mandible or maxilla during the eruption of cheek teeth?

-Eruption bumps or cysts (bony enlargements)

How would you use the length vs. width of the upper corner incisor to age?

-5-9 year: tooth is wider than it is tall -9-10 year: shape is square (width=height) ->10 year: tooth continues to get taller with age (height > width)

How do we use the angle at which the incisors meet to age horses?

-Upper & lower incisors meet at an upright angle in young horses (round = young) -As the horse ages, the incisors meet ate a more acute angle (pointy = old)

How do we use the upper corner incision hook to age horses?

-Appears at 7 years & then again at 11 years -Not very reliable (variable depending on the food the horse eats)

What is circled?

-Upper corner incision hook

Is this an old or young horse?

-Old

Is this an old or young horse?

-Young

How do we use Galvayne's groove to age horses?

Groove in upper corner incisor: -Appears at 10 years -Halfway down at 15 years -All the way down the tooth at 20 years -Halfway gone at 25 years -All the way gone at 30 years

How old is this horse based on the Galvayne groove?

-10 years ish

How old is this horse based on the Galvayne groove?

-20 years ish

What decreases with age after completing the formation around 5 years of age in equine teeth?

-The length of reserve crown

What is the best aging by teeth rule of thumbs?

-6 days, 6 weeks, 6 months -2.5, 3.5, 4.5 years (eruption)

How does the relationship of the teeth and sinuses change as the horse ages and the teeth are worn?

-Adult horses: Roots of PM4/M1 are within the rostral maxillary sinus -M2/M3 are within the caudal maxillary sinus

What is shown by number 2?

-Sublingual caruncles