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Exam block 3 > Exam 2: Lecture 12: Head and Neck Respiratory Pathway > Flashcards

Exam 2: Lecture 12: Head and Neck Respiratory Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

What is different about the nose of equines compared to dogs?

A

-Possesses a cartilaginous skeleton
-Horses don’t have a plane
-Horses have a nasal diverticulum

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2
Q

What is the nasal diverticulum?

A

-Blind sac w/ great capacity for expansion between alar cartilage and nasoincicive notch

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3
Q

What are the rostra, caudal, dorsal, and ventral boundaries of the nasal cavity in horses?

A

-Rostral = nostrils
-Caudal = choanae
-Dorsal = nasal bone
-Ventral = hard palate

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4
Q

How is the nasal cavity divided medially?

A

-By the nasal septum (bone caudally and cartilage rostrally)

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5
Q

What is the nasal vestibule?

A

-Pigmented surface between skin and mucosa
-The nasolacrimal duct flows into the vestibule near the musculocutaneous junction

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6
Q

What keeps the humidity of the nose?

A

-Nasal glands & lacrimal glands

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7
Q

What is circled?

A

-Nasal opening of the nasolacrimal duct

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8
Q

What can we use the nasolacrimal duct for?

A

-Can flush it and flush will go out of the eye

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9
Q

What is the nasal conchae?

A

-They correspond to papyraceous bones that continue from the ethmoid bone

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10
Q

What make up the nasal conchae?

A

-Ethmoidal conchae
-Dorsal nasal concha
-Ventral nasal concha
-Middle nasal concha

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11
Q

What are the nasal meatuses?

A

-Spaces between conchae
-There are dorsal, middle, ventral and common

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12
Q

What is indicated by the orange stars?

A

-Common nasal meatus (joins the middle & ventral meatus)

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13
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Dorsal meatus (between the dorsal concha & nasal bone)

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14
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Middle meatus (between the dorsal & ventral concha)

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15
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Ventral meatus (between ventral concha & floor of the nasal cavity)

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16
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Dorsal nasal concha

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17
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Ventral nasal concha

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18
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow (pointing to what is circled in red)?

A

-Nares (nostrils)

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19
Q

What is shown by the red arrow (pointing to what is circled in red)?

A

-Choanae

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20
Q

What is number 1?

A

-Dorsal nasal concha

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21
Q

What is number 2?

A

-Middle nasal concha

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22
Q

What is number 3?

A

-Ventral nasal concha

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23
Q

What is number 4?

A

-Ventral nasal meatus

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24
Q

What is number 5?

A

-Middle nasal meatus

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25
Q

What is number 6?

A

-Dorsal nasal meatus

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26
Q

What is number 7?

A

-Ethmoid conchae (close to cribiform plate)

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27
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow?

A

-Septum

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28
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow?

A

-Dorsal nasal meatus

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29
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow?

A

-Middle nasal meatus

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30
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow?

A

-Ventral nasal meatus

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31
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow?

A

-Vomer nasal organ (on both sides of vomer bone)

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32
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow?

A

-Ventral concha

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33
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow?

A

-Dorsal nasal concha

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34
Q

What muscle is working to produce this action?

A

-Levator of superior lip m.

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35
Q

What response is shown in this picture?

A

-Flehmen response

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36
Q

What is important to note about the flehmen response in horses?

A

-Horses take phermones directly from the nose (dogs take phermones through the mouth)

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37
Q

Why is the pathway of airflow vs. digestive system important in horses?

A

-They are obligate nasal breathers (cannot breathe by mouth)

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38
Q

Rostrally the pharynx is divided into 3 parts by the soft palate, what are they?

A

-Oral part (oropharynx)
-Nasal part (nasopharynx)
-Laryngeal part (laryngopharynx)

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39
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

-Food pathway, ventral to the soft palate

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40
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

-Air pathway, dorsal to the soft palate

41
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A

-Cavity dorsal to the larynx, just before the esophagus

42
Q

What is the pathway of airflow in the horse?

A

Nasal cavity -> nasopharynx -> intrapharyngeal ostium -> larynx -> trachea

43
Q

What is the pathway of the digestive system in the horse?

A

Oral cavity -> oropharynx -> laryngopharynx -> esophagus

44
Q

What is the rostral and caudal boundary of the nasopharynx?

A

-Rostral = choanae
-Caudal = palatopharyngeal arch

45
Q

During respiration cycle, where does the epiglottis sit?

A

-Rests dorsally to the soft palate

46
Q

What happens to the nasopharynx when swallowing?

A

-The soft palate elevates and the epiglottis goes caudal
-so the soft palate will basically close the nasopharynx and nasal cavity for food and the epiglottis will close the larynx and trachea for food

47
Q

What si different about the soft palate in horses than dogs?

A

-Soft palate is elongated in horses

48
Q

What can happen in horses that cause them to make noises where running?

A

-A dorsal displacement of the soft palate

49
Q

What is the opening in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx?

A

-Pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube (joins the nasopharynx w/ the inner ear)

50
Q

What covers the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube?

A

-Covered by a fibrous catilagenous flap

51
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow?

A

-Auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch)

52
Q

What is the auditory tube diverticulum (also known as guttural pouch)?

A

-It is a caudoventral dilatation of the auditory tube
-It is a mechanism for cooling the cerebral blood supply during strenuous exercise

53
Q

What are the boundaries of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch)?

A

-Dorsally = base of skull
-Ventrally = pharynx & esophagus
-Laterally = stylohyoid bone
-Medially = contralateral guttural pouch

54
Q

What is shown in red here?

A

-Guttural pouch

55
Q

What is shown by the dashed triangle?

A

-Viborg triangle

56
Q

What is the “viborg triangle”?

A

-Triangle made up w/ mandible & maxillary v. & linguofacial v.
-Can access the floor of the guttural pouch through the outside through this

57
Q

What is this picture showing?

A

-Internal structures of the guttural pouch

58
Q

What is indicated by “S”?

A

-Stylohyoid bone

59
Q

What is indicated by “ECA”?

A

-External carotid artery

60
Q

What is indicated by “ICA”?

A

-Internal carotid artery

61
Q

What forms the larynx?

A

-Formed by cartilages, ligaments & muscles surrounded by mucosa (cartilages = epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, & arytenoid cartilage)

62
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

-Between nasopharynx and trachea, ventral to the atlas and axis vertebrae

63
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

-Air pathway mainly
-Phonation and blockage of foreign bodies to the lower airways

64
Q

What is:
-Joined w/ the base of the skull via hyoid apparatus
-Cranial horn of thyroid cartilage
-Insertion of tongue muscles

65
Q

What is shown here?

A

-Dog vs. horse epiglottis

66
Q

What is shown here?

A

-Dog vs. horse arytenoid cartilage

67
Q

What is shown here?

A

-Dog vs. horse Thyroid cartilage

68
Q

What is shown here?

A

-Dog vs. horse Cricoid cartilage

69
Q

What is different in the horse epiglottis from the dog?

A

-Horse has a pointed apex & the cuniform process attached to the epiglottis

70
Q

What is different in the horse thyroid cartilage from the dog?

A

-Oval shape in equine (longer and more oblique than in dogs)

71
Q

What is different in the horse arytenoid cartilage from the dog?

A

-The corniculate process is well developed (bigger)
-No cuneiform process (it is attached to the epiglottis)

72
Q

What is different in the horse cricoid cartilage from the dog?

A

-Lamina and arch

73
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Cuneiform process (very large)

74
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Epiglottis (long & pointy)

75
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Arytenoid

76
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Vocal process of the arytenoid

77
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Ventricle (important because we can do some sx here if larynx issues)

78
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Laryngopharynx

79
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Corniculate process (adducted to allow the passage of air)

80
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Entrance of the larynx

81
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow? Hint: Space

A

-Ventricle

82
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Vocal fold

83
Q

What is the glottis?

A

-Phonatory apparatus
-Vocal folds & vocal processes of the arytenoid

84
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

-Dorsal cricoarytenoid
-Lateral cricoarytenoid
-Thyroarytenoid
-Cricothyroid
-Transverse arytenoid

85
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

-Sternothyroid
-Thyrohyoid
-Hyoepiglottic
-Thyropharyngeal

86
Q

What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds?

A

-Dorsal cricoarytenoid m.

87
Q

What intrinsic muscle of the larynx is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal n.?

A

-Dorsal cricoarytenoid m.

88
Q

What is number 1?

A

-Cricothyroid m.

89
Q

What is number 2?

A

-Dorsal cricoarytenoid m.

90
Q

What is number 3?

A

-Lateral cricoarytenoid m.

91
Q

What is number 4 & 5?

A

-Thyroarytenoid m.
(4 = m. vocalis, 5 = ventricular)

92
Q

What is number 6?

A

-Transverse arytenoid m.

93
Q

What problem is occurring in this image?

A

-Collapsed arytenoid cartilage (worst larynx problem to have)

94
Q

Why is it common in horses for the left side of the arytenoid cartilage to be paralyzed?

A

-The left recurrent laryngeal n. (from vagus n.) is longer and goes around the aorta -> this will cause a pull on the n. all the time

95
Q

What is located caudal to the cricoid cartilage?

A

-Cervical trachea

96
Q

What is the trachea formed by?

A

-Formed by incomplete tracheal cartilages dorsally

97
Q

What joins the tracheal cartilages together?

A

-Annular ligaments

98
Q

What is different about the trachea in horses than in dogs?

A

-Tracheal smooth muscle is inserted inside

Exam block 3 (35 decks)

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