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AU14 Pharmacology > Exam 2; Ethanol and Methanol > Flashcards

Exam 2; Ethanol and Methanol Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three medical uses of ethanol

A

antiseptic (high conc.)
analgesic
anesthetic (weak)

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2
Q

What is it about the structure of ethanol that allows it to get into essentially all the cells

A

it is lipid and water soluble

CH3-CH2-OH

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3
Q

What is the main action of ethanol on most cells

A

depressant

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4
Q

This excitatory CNS neurotransmitter is inhibited by ethanol

A

glutamine

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5
Q

This inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter is activated by ethanol

A

GABA

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6
Q

Ethanol may activate these pathways in the “pleasure center”

A

DA pathways

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7
Q

Ethanol inhibits this higher function

A

cortisol

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8
Q

What are some basic symptoms of ethanol consumption

A 
lack of judgment
decreased social inhibitions
slow reaction time
decrease visual activity
motor incoordination
impairs medially function; nausea, loss of balance, etc.
inhibits REM sleep
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9
Q

How does ethanol effect the cardiovascular system

A

skin vasodilation

due to the inhibition of reflex vasoconstriction

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10
Q

How does ethanol effect the GI tract at low concentrations

A

increased gastrin secretion and HCl secretion

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11
Q

How does ethanol effect the GI tract at high concentrations

A

gastric inhibition

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12
Q

How does ethanol effect the liver

A

direct toxic effects
interacts with other liver toxins
decreased testosterone synthesis and metabolism

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13
Q

Chronic use of ethanol can cause the liver to become what

A

fatty liver

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14
Q

How does ethanol effect the kidney

A

weak diuretic inhibiting ADH secretion

can decrease uric acid secretion causing gout

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15
Q

In which part of the body is ethanol rapidly absorbed

A

small intestine

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16
Q

In which part of the body is ethanol slightly absorbed

A

stomach

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17
Q

What are three factors that delay stomach emptying lowering the rate of absorption

A

exercise
food
anti-cholinergic agents

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18
Q

Do patients with gastectomies have a more delayed or rapid alcohol absorption

A

more rapid

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19
Q

This factor may increase stomach emptying, resulting in a more rapid alcohol absorption

A

carbonation

20
Q

What is the distribution of ethanol in the body

A

it rapidly equilibrates with all the tissues

21
Q

Ethanol can pass the placenta, which can influence the baby how

A

newborns can undergo withdrawal

may be damaged; fetal alcohol syndrome

22
Q

In which organ is ethanol mainly metabolized

A

liver

23
Q

What is the metabolism equation for ethanol

A

ethanol — alcohol dehydrogenase –> acetaldehyde — acetylaldehyde dehrdrogenase –> Acetyl CoA

24
Q

What is a side produce of ethanol metabolism

A

NAD+ is converted to NADH, which could lead to more lipids in the liver = fatty liver

25
Q

What type of reaction is alcohol dehydrogenase

A

zero order

rate of metabolism is constant and independent of the concentration

26
Q

What is the best measure of alcohol exposure

A

blood test; BAC

27
Q

In which organ(s) is ethanol excreted

A

lungs (minor)

kidney

28
Q

What is the potency of ethanol

A

very low
50g = 1 mol
4 drinks = 56g

29
Q

Metabolic tolerance of ethanol increases what

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

30
Q

Tissue tolerance of ethanol increases what

A

excitatory nurons

31
Q

What is behavioral tolerance of ethanol

A

concentration on not showing the symptoms

32
Q

What are some symptoms of withdrawal of ethanol

A 
headace
dizziness
nausea
sweating
"hangover"
33
Q

What are some severe symptoms of ethanol withdrawal

A 
tremors
cramps
nausea
vomiting
seizures
DTs
34
Q

Ethanol can interact with any drug that enters what

A

the CNS

35
Q

This drug inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase; increasing acetylaldehyde

A

disulfiram

36
Q

This drug decreases the cravings for ethanol

A

acamprosate

37
Q

What are five neurological and mental sequelae of ethanol addiction

A 
brain damage
memory loss
sleep disturbances
psychoses
familial impact
38
Q

What is the impact that ethanol has on nutrition

A

alcoholics have the poorest nutrition of any group in the US

getting their calories from the ethanol

39
Q

Severe vision changes, Wenicke’s encephalopathy, can be cause by this condition involving lack of nutrition from ethanol addicts

A

thiamine deficiencies

40
Q

What are three effects of the ethanol addiction has on the heart

A

cardiomyopathy
congestive heart failure
arrthymias

41
Q

What are two symptoms on the liver of ethanol addoction

A

cirrhosis

fatty liver

42
Q

What effects does fetal alcohol syndrome have

A

CNS dysfunction
facial abnormalities
immune abnormalities
still and spontaneous birth

43
Q

What is the metabolic equation of methyl alcohols

A

methyl alcohol — alcohol dehydrogenase –> formaldehyde — acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase –> formic acid

44
Q

What toxic effects can come from methanol ingestion

A

metabolic acidosis

blindness; formic acid kills retinal cells

45
Q

What is the treatment for methanol ingestion

A

ethanol ingestion; methanol metabolism is slower, will “weed out” the methanol

46
Q

This is a specific inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (methanol)

A

fomepizole

AU14 Pharmacology (29 decks)

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