Exam 2; Ethanol and Methanol Flashcards
What are the three medical uses of ethanol
antiseptic (high conc.)
analgesic
anesthetic (weak)
What is it about the structure of ethanol that allows it to get into essentially all the cells
it is lipid and water soluble
CH3-CH2-OH
What is the main action of ethanol on most cells
depressant
This excitatory CNS neurotransmitter is inhibited by ethanol
glutamine
This inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter is activated by ethanol
GABA
Ethanol may activate these pathways in the “pleasure center”
DA pathways
Ethanol inhibits this higher function
cortisol
What are some basic symptoms of ethanol consumption
lack of judgment decreased social inhibitions slow reaction time decrease visual activity motor incoordination impairs medially function; nausea, loss of balance, etc. inhibits REM sleep
How does ethanol effect the cardiovascular system
skin vasodilation
due to the inhibition of reflex vasoconstriction
How does ethanol effect the GI tract at low concentrations
increased gastrin secretion and HCl secretion
How does ethanol effect the GI tract at high concentrations
gastric inhibition
How does ethanol effect the liver
direct toxic effects
interacts with other liver toxins
decreased testosterone synthesis and metabolism
Chronic use of ethanol can cause the liver to become what
fatty liver
How does ethanol effect the kidney
weak diuretic inhibiting ADH secretion
can decrease uric acid secretion causing gout
In which part of the body is ethanol rapidly absorbed
small intestine
In which part of the body is ethanol slightly absorbed
stomach
What are three factors that delay stomach emptying lowering the rate of absorption
exercise
food
anti-cholinergic agents
Do patients with gastectomies have a more delayed or rapid alcohol absorption
more rapid
This factor may increase stomach emptying, resulting in a more rapid alcohol absorption
carbonation
What is the distribution of ethanol in the body
it rapidly equilibrates with all the tissues
Ethanol can pass the placenta, which can influence the baby how
newborns can undergo withdrawal
may be damaged; fetal alcohol syndrome
In which organ is ethanol mainly metabolized
liver
What is the metabolism equation for ethanol
ethanol — alcohol dehydrogenase –> acetaldehyde — acetylaldehyde dehrdrogenase –> Acetyl CoA
What is a side produce of ethanol metabolism
NAD+ is converted to NADH, which could lead to more lipids in the liver = fatty liver
What type of reaction is alcohol dehydrogenase
zero order
rate of metabolism is constant and independent of the concentration
What is the best measure of alcohol exposure
blood test; BAC
In which organ(s) is ethanol excreted
lungs (minor)
kidney
What is the potency of ethanol
very low
50g = 1 mol
4 drinks = 56g
Metabolic tolerance of ethanol increases what
alcohol dehydrogenase
Tissue tolerance of ethanol increases what
excitatory nurons
What is behavioral tolerance of ethanol
concentration on not showing the symptoms
What are some symptoms of withdrawal of ethanol
headace dizziness nausea sweating "hangover"
What are some severe symptoms of ethanol withdrawal
tremors cramps nausea vomiting seizures DTs
Ethanol can interact with any drug that enters what
the CNS
This drug inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase; increasing acetylaldehyde
disulfiram
This drug decreases the cravings for ethanol
acamprosate
What are five neurological and mental sequelae of ethanol addiction
brain damage memory loss sleep disturbances psychoses familial impact
What is the impact that ethanol has on nutrition
alcoholics have the poorest nutrition of any group in the US
getting their calories from the ethanol
Severe vision changes, Wenicke’s encephalopathy, can be cause by this condition involving lack of nutrition from ethanol addicts
thiamine deficiencies
What are three effects of the ethanol addiction has on the heart
cardiomyopathy
congestive heart failure
arrthymias
What are two symptoms on the liver of ethanol addoction
cirrhosis
fatty liver
What effects does fetal alcohol syndrome have
CNS dysfunction
facial abnormalities
immune abnormalities
still and spontaneous birth
What is the metabolic equation of methyl alcohols
methyl alcohol — alcohol dehydrogenase –> formaldehyde — acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase –> formic acid
What toxic effects can come from methanol ingestion
metabolic acidosis
blindness; formic acid kills retinal cells
What is the treatment for methanol ingestion
ethanol ingestion; methanol metabolism is slower, will “weed out” the methanol
This is a specific inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (methanol)
fomepizole
