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AU14 Pharmacology > Exam 1; Autonomic Drugs > Flashcards

Exam 1; Autonomic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

This nervous system has short preganglia and long postganglia which allow the activation of other systems

A

sympathetic

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2
Q

This nervous system originates in the CNS or sacral spinal roots and has long preganglionic and short postganglionic

A

parasympathetics

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3
Q

All preganglionic neurons use this as a neurotransmitter

A

ACh

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4
Q

sympathetic postganglionic neurons use this a a neurotransmitter

A

NE

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5
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic neuros use this as a neurotransmitter

A

ACh

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6
Q

What two effects does the sympathetic system have on the eye

A

far focus

contraction of radial muscle = pupil enlargement “mydnasis”

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7
Q

What three effects does the parasympathetic system have on the eye

A

contracts the circular sphincter for pupil constriction (myosis)
contraction of cilliary muscle for accommodation; close focus
increased tear production

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8
Q

What three effects does the sympathetic system have on the digestive system

A

decreased secretions
decreased gastric motility
decreased sphincter tone

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9
Q

What three effects does the parasympathetic system have on the digestive system

A

increased salivary and digestive secretions
increased motility
increased sphincter tone

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10
Q

What two effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart

A

increased heart rate

increased contractile force

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11
Q

What two effects does the parasympathetic system have on the heart

A

decreased rate

decreased force of contraction

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12
Q

What two effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the blood vessels

A

muscle vessels relax

skin and gut vessels contract

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13
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the blood vessels

A

relaxes most blood vessels

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14
Q

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the lung

A

relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

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15
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the lungs

A

constricts bronchial smooth muscle

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16
Q

What two effects does the sympathetic system have on the reproductive system

A

relaxation of the bladder

ejaculation

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17
Q

What two effects does the parasympathetic system have on the reproductive system

A

contraction of the bladder

erection

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18
Q

What effect does the sympathetic system have on metabolism

A

increase in blood glucose

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19
Q

What type of receptor does ACh bind to

A

cholinergic

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20
Q

This type of neurotransmitter receptor activation leads to altered ion channels

A

nictonic receptors

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21
Q

This type of neurotransmitter receptor activation leads to altered metabolism

A

muscarinic

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22
Q

Niconitic receptors are used by what portions of the autonomic nervous system

A

preganglionic of both

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23
Q

Muscarinic receptors are used by what portions of the autonomic nervous system

A

postganglionic parasympathetic

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24
Q

Adrenergic receptors are used by what portions of the autonomic nervous system

A

postganglionic sympathetic

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25
Q

These act on ACh receptors

A

cholinergic agents

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26
Q

What is the effect of cholinergic agents

A

increase in parasympathetic activity
myosis, increased GI motility, increased sweat/tears/saliva, constriction of bronchial SM, decrease in HR and contraction

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of direct acting cholinergic agonists

A

bind and cause activation

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28
Q

These three drugs are muscarinic agonists

A

muscarine
pilocarpine
bethanechol

29
Q

These two drugs are nicotinic agonists

A

nicotine

succinylcholine

30
Q

This is a partial nicotinic agonist; binds, but does not fully activate; ACh cannot bind

A

varenicline

31
Q

These two drugs are agonists that act at both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

A

acetylcholine

carbachol

32
Q

What is the mechanism behind indirect-active cholinergic agonists

A

all agents which inhibit AChE; prevents the breakdown of ACh

33
Q

These indirect-active cholinergic agonists have an effect that lasts several hours

A

physostigmine
neostigmine
demecarium

34
Q

This is an indirect-active cholinergic agonists which is reversible and has a short duration of action

A

edrophonium

35
Q

This is an indirect-active cholinergic agonists which phosphorylates AChE and may inhibit for hundreds of hours

A

echothiophate

36
Q

indirect-active cholinergic agonists may also affect cholinoreceptors of the muscles; need for these three thigns

A

Glaucoma
Mysathenia gravis
Sjogren’s syndrome

37
Q

What two indirect-active cholinergic agonists are used to treat Azheimer’s

A

donepezil

tacrine

38
Q

This indirect-active cholinergic agonist, if given early, can reduce any permanent damage caused by organophosphate AChE inhibitors

A

pralidoxime

39
Q

What are two non-medical indirect-active cholinergic agonists which are irreversible AChE inhibitors

A

malathion (insecticide)

sarin (nerve gas)

40
Q

What are the toxicities of cholinergic agonists

A 
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bradycardia (slow HR)
Broncoconstriction
Excitation (CNS); paralysis, ataxia, seizures, amnesia
Lacrimation
Sweating
41
Q

This blocking agent reversibly blocks the muscarinic receptor

A

cholinoceptor

42
Q

*This antimuscarinic agent lasts 7-10 days

A

atropine

43
Q

This antimuscarinic agent lasts 3-7 days

A

scopolamine

44
Q

These four drugs have short term effects; as in dilating the pupil

A

homatropine
cyclopentolate
tropicamide
ipratropium

45
Q

Following an overdose of antimuscarinic agents, what are some minor side effects (8)

A 
pupil size increases
inhibits ciliary muscle (virtually blind)
decreased tear production
bronchodilation
dry mouth
decreased gastric motility and secretions
urinary retention
decreased sweating
46
Q

What are the two major side effects follow an overdose of antimuscarinic agents

A

increased HR

CNS effects including psychosis

47
Q

What are the four clinical uses of antimuscarinic agents

A

used to treat urinary incotinence
motion sickness
GI hyperactivity
asthma

48
Q

This depolarizing anti nicotinic blocker has a long duration of action; it initially activated the receptor, eventually there is muscle hyper polarization which leads to paralysis

A

succinylcholine

49
Q

These are three non-depolarizing antinictonic skeletal muscle ACh receptor blockers; all derived from curare

A

pancuronium
atracurium
rocurorium (most common)

50
Q

This reverses the blockade by rocuronium by binding it directly

A

sugammadex

51
Q

This muscle paralytic agent is an inhibitor of ACh releaseq

A

botulinum toxin type A

52
Q

Botox is used cosmetically but it was originally developed to treat what three conditions

A

cerebral palsy
tics
strabissmus and mystaganus (eye muscle issues)

53
Q

This sympathetic adrenoreceptor subtype can contract vascular smooth muscle; heart rate increases

A

α1

54
Q

This sympathetic adrenoreceptor subtype can act on presynaptic nerve terminals in CNS

A

α2

55
Q

This sympathetic adrenoreceptor subtype increases heart rate and contraction force

A

β1

56
Q

This sympathetic adrenoreceptor subtype causes relaxation and vascular smooth muscle

A

β2

57
Q

*This adrenergic agonist acts on all adrenergic receptors (α and β) and it stimulates the receptor

A

epinephrine

58
Q

These three adrenergic agonists activate α1 receptors; they decease congestion

A

phenylephrine
tetrahydrozoline
naphazoline

59
Q

These two adrenergic agonists activate α2 receptors; they decrease sympathetic outflow from the CNS; used to treat hypertension and other analogs treat glaucoma

A

clonidine

α methyl norepinephrine

60
Q

These adrenergic agonist activate β1 receptors

A

norepinephrine

dobutamine

61
Q

These four adrenergic agonists activate β2 receptors; cause bronchodilation

A 
metalproternol
terbutaline
fenoterol
albuterol 
(the -nols and -rols)
62
Q

These are four indirect acting amine, which induce the release of NE from nerve terminals; doesn’t directly affect the receptors

A

amphetamine, methamphetamine
tyramine
phenylpropanolamine
pseudoephedrine

63
Q

These two adrenergic antagonists are α1 receptor blockers

A

prazosin

phenoybenzamine

64
Q

This α1 receptor blocker drug is used as an anti-hypertensive and also used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A

prazosin

65
Q

This is an adrenergic antagonist that blocks α1 and α2 receptors

A

phentolamine

66
Q

This is an adrenergic antagonists that blocks α2 receptors

A

tolazoline

67
Q

These are five adrenergic antagonists that block β1 receptors; decrease heart rate

A 
metoprolol
acebutolol
alprenolol
atenolol
esmolol
( the -olols)
68
Q

These are five adrenergic antagonists that block both β1 and β2 receptors

A 
propanolol
timolol
levobunolol
carteolol
metipranolol

AU14 Pharmacology (29 decks)

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