Exam 1; Introduction of Pharmacology Flashcards
How many unique drugs were introduced last year
19
What is pharmacodynamics
the mechanism by which drugs act on the body
All drugs must have what
a target
What general substances can be drug targets
specific biochemical or physiological chemicals
can be specific or non-specific
What five things in a cell can be a drug target
membrane receptor intracellular receptor transporter ion channel enzymatic pathways
Antacids are agents that work by what
general chemical effects
Laxatives and Diuretics are agents that work by what
osmotic effects
Agents that act by binding non-specifically to large molecules include what two things
protein denaturants - ethanol
anticancer drugs bind nonspecifically to DNA
Agents that bind specifically to large molecules includes what
monocolonal antibodies; such as infliximab (-mab ending)
binds to TNF use to treat arthritis
This agent inhibits the specific enzyme cyclooxygenase (anti-inflammatory)
asprin
This agent inhibits the specific enzyme dihydrofolate (anti-neoplastic)
methothrexate
This agent inhibits the specific enzyme monoamine oxidase (anti-depressant)
tranylcypromine
This agent activates the specific enzyme guanylate cyclase (treatment of angina; vasodilation)
nitroglycerin
This agent activates the specific enzyme anti-thrombin 3 (anti-coagulate)
heparin
This agent binds to and inactivates a protein kinase (leukemia treatment)
imitinib
This agent acts upon a transport system by inhibiting norepinephrine uptake by the neuron
cocaine
This agent acts upon a transport system by diuretic blocking (inhibiting) transport on Na and Cl by kidney tubule
chlorothiazide
This agent acts upon a transport system by inhibiting serotonin re-uptake by neurons (antidepressant)
fluoxetine
This agent acts upon a transport system by inhibiting hydrogen ion transport by parietal cells; decreases stomach acid
omeprazole
This agent acts upon an ion channel by blocking calcium channels; anti-hypertensive
nifedipine
This agent acts upon an ion channel by increasing K uptake; anti-hypertensive
minoxidil
This agent acts upon an ion channel by inhibiting Na channels; local anesthetic
procaine
This agent acts upon a cell membrane receptor by blocking β-adrenergic receptors; anti-hypertensive
propranolol
These agents act upon a intracellular receptors
steroids - glucocorticoids - cortisol
This is a protein or protein complex which is a detector of cell signals
receptor
What are the three main characters of a receptor
sensitivity
selectivity
specificity
Receptor activators are what
agonists
Receptor blockers are what
antagonists
What do partial agonists do?
bind to receptor but doesn’t fully activate it
What three changes occur when a receptor is bound by an agonist
enzyme activation
activation of transport system
opening of an ion channel
Intracellular receptors alter what
DNA expression (steroids)
True or False
The number and sensitivity of receptors cannot change over time
False; it can change over time
What mechanism can cause receptor sensitivity to change over time
continual stimulation –> down regulation of receptors
drug tolerance, desensitization
This is very rapid desensitization (can occur within minutes); nose drops
tachyphylaxis
What is the dose-response curve
the biological effect of response of different doses; sigmoidal dose-response curve
What three things does the dose-response curve show
dose at which the effect first occurs
dose that causes maximal effect
dose and which 50% of max effect occurs
The maximal therapeutic effect of a drug is also called what
efficacy
The more efficacious a drug is, the more what
the more useful it is
The effect of the drug relative to the dose is called what
potentacy
What is ED50
the dose at which 50% of max efficacy; clinical dose
What is the TD50
the dose at which 50% of max toxic dose
What is the therapeutic index of a drug
TD50/ED50
