Exam 2 deck 2

Question 1

Forms of reasoning that mislead by inviting one to hold conclusions more strongly than is justified by arguments advanced in their support.

Answer 1

Fallacies

Question 2

People consider only one or few reasons, failing to recognize that many reasons can be offered for and against any conclusion.

Answer 2

Incompleteness

Question 3

People only consider reasons supporting their favored side on an issue.

Answer 3

My-side bias

Question 4

A few or atypical instances are used to reach a mistaken general conclusion.

Answer 4

Hasty Generalization

Question 5

A good general rule or principle is applied to an exceptional case.

Answer 5

Sweeping Generalization

Question 6

Similarity-based reasoning goes awry due to important, but unappreciated, dissimilarities.

Answer 6

Misleading Comparison

Question 7

Events are explained in terms of hypothesized agents rather than their natural causes.

Answer 7

Pathetic Fallacy

Question 8

Comparing human to non-human things.

Answer 8

Anthropomorphizing

Question 9

the consequences of a conclusion improperly affects assessments of its truth.

Answer 9

Argument from consequences

Question 10

An explanation of why a popular teenager died in a car accident: God decided to take him home to heaven.

Answer 10

Pathetic Fallacy

Question 11

the percent should get rid of his advisor and run the government by himself. After all, too many cooks spoil the broth.

Answer 11

False Analogy, Sweeping Generalization

Question 12

There must be life after death, because if there weren’t, there wouldn’t be any way of keeping people from doing whatever they wanted.

Answer 12

Argument from Consequences

Question 13

When you thing of what some people have accomplished without a college education, you’ll agree that i’s a waste spending all that time and money to get a degree.

Answer 13

Hasty Generalization

Question 14

A student, caught cheating on an exam, when asked to justify her behavior: Everyone does it.

Answer 14

Appeal to common practice

Question 15

People should be responsible enough, during their working years to set aside the money they’ll need for retirement. I don’t see why we need to have social security or other government mandated retirement programs.

Answer 15

Naturalistic Fallacy

Question 16

I’ve lived on campus for three years now and every roommate i’ve ever had has been an absolute disaster. So I know things are going to be great with the roommate i’ve been assigned for my senior year: I’m way overdue for a good one.

Answer 16

Misconception chance

Question 17

After his first meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin, U.S. President George Bush proclaimed that he could tell by looking into Putin’s eyes that here was a man with whom the United States could do business.

Answer 17

Phantom Intuitions

Question 18

American scientist win more Nobel Prices than those of any other country. So there’s no reason our education system can’t be the best in the world.

Answer 18

If we can do x, we can do y

Question 19

Misunderstandings lead to erroneous conclusions about probabilistically-known outcomes.

Answer 19

Misconceptions of Chance

Question 20

The belief that outcomes of random events are influenced by their predecessors.

Answer 20

Gambler’s Fallacy

Question 21

Conclusions are based on intuitive feelings that have no reliable grounding or basis.

Answer 21

Phantom Intuitions

Question 22

An argument regarding a policy questions is based on how things ought to be rather than on how they actually are. Also trying to derive ought from is.

Answer 22

Naturalistic Fallacy

Question 23

Illegal or unethical behavior is justified on the grounds that others behave the same way.

Answer 23

Appeal to common practice

Question 24

The fact that a goal has been achieved is used to argue that an apparently easier goal can also be achieved.

Answer 24

If we can do x, we can do y

Question 25

A mother to her daughter who is soon to be married: I hope you’re not planning on seeking your maiden name. Wives hold take the names of their husbands. That’s the way it’s always been.

Answer 25

Appeal to Tradition

Question 26

From a Ku Klux Klan circular: Every criminal , every gambler, every thug, every libertine, every girl ruiner, every home wrecker, every wife beater, every dope peddler, every moonshiner, every crooked politician is fighting the Klan. Think it over. Which side are you on?

Answer 26

Guild by Association

Question 27

In all times an places, in every culture and civilization, people have believed in the existence of some sort of deity. Therefore a supernatural being must exist.

Answer 27

Appeal to consensus.

Question 28

People are disparaged on account of the company they keep.

Answer 28

Guild by Association

Question 29

Something is held to be good on the grounds that it’s been around a long time.

Answer 29

Appeal to tradition

Question 30

A claim is held to be true on the ground that everyone believes it.

Answer 30

Appeal to consensus