Exam 2

Question 1

Premises and conclusions make what?

Answer 1

Arguments

Question 2

Draws out the logical implications of a set of premises.

Answer 2

Deduction

Question 3

Sound arguments guarantee to have what?

Answer 3

True conclusion

Question 4

A statement that can be true or false.

Answer 4

Proposition

Question 5

A&B is true if and only if both A and B are both true.

Answer 5

Conjunction

Question 6

A v B is true if and only if A or B or both are true.

Answer 6

Disjunction

Question 7

-A is true if and only if A is false.

Answer 7

Negation

Question 8

A&-A are always false since they encompass statements that are inconsistent that can’t both be true.

Answer 8

Contradiction

Question 9

Av-A always true hence uninformative

Answer 9

Tautology

Question 10

You want to get married but you also don’t want to get married. What proposition is this?

Answer 10

Contradiction

Question 11

Saying someone is a Bachelor is the same as saying they are not married. What proposition is this?

Answer 11

Tautology

Question 12

I will clean the kitchen, if Mary helps me. If Mary helps me, I will clean the kitchen. What conditional reasoning?

Answer 12

Bi-conditional

Question 13

X implies Y, and Y implies X. What conditional reasoning?

Answer 13

Bi-conditional

Question 14

X; If X, then Y; Therefore Y. What conditional reasoning?

Answer 14

Modus ponens

Question 15

-Y; If X, then Y; Therefore -X What conditional?

Answer 15

Modus tollens

Question 16

If X, then Y; If Y, then Z; Therefore, if X, then Z. What conditional?

Answer 16

Hypothetical syllogism

Question 17

Y; If X, then Y; Therefore X. What conditional error?

Answer 17

Affirming the consequent

Question 18

-X; If X, then Y; Therefore -Y.

Answer 18

Denying the antecedent

Question 19

Weed eater-Yard-House-Family-Wife-Heterosexual. Not weed eater-Not heterosexual. What conditional error?

Answer 19

Denying the antecedent

Question 20

Condition is supported by two premises, major and minor.

Answer 20

Syllogism

Question 21

One or more premises are left unstated.

Answer 21

Enthymemes

Question 22

X or Y or Z; Not X; Not Y; Therefore, Z.

Answer 22

Disjunctive syllogism

Question 23

Prove that X is true by showing that its opposite, -X, is false or leads to a contradiction.

Answer 23

Reductio ad absurdum

Question 24

1. Trump is leading in the polls. 2. Leading polls, then Republican nominee. 3. Trump will be Republican nominee. Not true depends when polls were taken.

Answer 24

Enthymemes

Question 25

We can either acquire the company or not. Show why they should not acquire the company to prove why they should acquire it.

Answer 25

Reductio ad absurdum

Question 26

X or -X; X impies Y; -X implies z; Therefore, Y or Z, or both of which are bad or unacceptable.

Answer 26

Dilemma

Question 27

CEO of Enron was charged with doing bad things. X- He knew what was going on. -X- didn’t know. X- knew implies Y-guilty or -X-didn’t know implies Z-incompitent.

Answer 27

Dilemma

Question 28

Allowing their assessment of an argument’s validity to be influenced by the truth or falsity of its conclusion.

Answer 28

Belief Bias

Question 29

-All students are lazy drunks. -You are a student. Therefore-you are a lazy drunk.

Answer 29

Belief Bias

Question 30

If a person smokes, they have cancer. Joe smokes therefore he must have cancer. Not true not everyone that smokes gets cancer.

Answer 30

Belief Bias

Question 31

Reasoning that uses various kinds of evidence that all point to the conclusion.

Answer 31

Abduction

Question 32

Reasoning that uses a sample or set of instances to draw conclusions about the population to which it belongs.

Answer 32

Induction

Question 33

An informal version of categorical reasoning which draws conclusions about instances that are members of identified classes or categories.

Answer 33

Classification

Question 34

You have lived most of your life in Iowa. You have seen many crows. The crows are black. Therefore all crows are black. False because Iowa is a small sample.

Answer 34

Induction

Question 35

Business has bad morale. customers don’t like the products. Business is losing money. Therefore the company is being managed poorly.

Answer 35

Abduction

Question 36

John is a Republican. Republican’s are opposed to tax increases. Therefore John is opposed to tax increases. Not true bc John might not be opposed.

Answer 36

Classification

Question 37

Reasoning that uses knowledge of one thing to draw conclusions about another that resembles the first in respects.

Answer 37

Similarity-Based Reasoning

Question 38

Birds have wings and can fly. We are trying to make an airplane fly. Therefore it must have wings.

Answer 38

Similarity-Based Reasoning

Question 39

A form of causal reasoning that uses knowledge of agents’ beliefs and motivations to explain their behavior.

Answer 39

Means-Ends Reasoning