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Mgmt Problem Solving > Ch. 12 > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Flashcards

1
Q

People tend to attribute their successes to internal factors and their failures to external causes.

A

Self-serving

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2
Q

Involve the behaviors of organizations, industries, economies, and societies. Studied by social scientists.

A

Maco-behavioral problems

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3
Q

When explaining the behavior of others, people use distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus data.

A

Covariation model

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4
Q

A formal pattern or general principle that explains the outcome of an event. Typified by scientific laws.

A

Functional cause

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5
Q

Failure to adjust fallible test results in light of the low base rate of a suspected cause.

A

Base rate neglect

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6
Q

Had a heart attack from over exception. Underlying cause: had a heart attack because he had a bad heart.

A

Precipitating cause

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7
Q

Collecting data, perhaps by inspecting the system or talking with operators.

A

Information gathering

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8
Q

They assume that others in the same situation would behave as they do.

A

False consensus effect

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9
Q

History, mortality, selection bias, and reactance, among others.

A

Threats to validity

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10
Q

Using available information and experiential knowledge to identify possible causes.

A

Hypothesis generation

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11
Q

The goal, end, or purpose of an action. Often used to account for human behavior.

A

Purposive cause

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12
Q

Variables can be correlated because a third factor influences both.

A

Confusing correlation with causation

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13
Q

Causes that have little real influence.

A

Trivial causes

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14
Q

Comparing case specific evidence with hypothesis-based expectations.

A

Misevaluating hypotheses

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15
Q

Won a football game and winning football team is thinking that they put in a lot of effort while the losing team used external causes like bad refs or weather to explain their loss.

A

Self-serving

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16
Q

A sporadic source of variation that results from changes or incidental events.

A

Special cause

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17
Q

Cause and effect are often assumed to be similar in magnitude and appearance. This cue is often misleading.

A

Similarity

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18
Q

The thing or factor that is responsible for or explains the outcome.

A

Cause

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19
Q

Rejecting a true hypothesis

A

Type 1 error

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20
Q

Taken for granted beliefs aren’t questioned

A

Mistaken assumptions

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21
Q

Only considering two possible causes

A

Binary thinking

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22
Q

X came before Y, so X must have caused Y.

A

Post hoc fallacy

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23
Q

Why did the board split? Because it is cedar and its is weak.

A

Essential cause

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24
Q

Assuming one has more influence on events than is actually the case.

A

Illusion of control

25
Q

What caused the dent on the roof of your car? a baseball.

A

Generative cause

26
Q

Favoring or opposing certain hypotheses, perhaps out of self-interest.

A

Biased evaluation

27
Q

Cause and effect tend to covary, being mutually present or absent under different circumstances. This cue is useful, but fallible.

A

Statistical correlation

28
Q

If your skin is yellow (jaundice), you are drinking too much.

A

Similarity

29
Q

Relatively observable effects are called…

A

Symptoms

30
Q

Test with enough care that you can rely on the results.

A

Sloppy tests of hypotheses

31
Q

A tendency to confirm existing beliefs

A

Confirmation bias

32
Q

Why have gas prices gone down? Supply and demand.

A

Functional cause

33
Q

Involve the behaviors of individuals and small groups. Studied by psychologists.

A

Micro-behavioral problems

34
Q

Collecting additional information, perhaps through experimentation, to differentiate among viable causal candidates.

A

Hypothesis testing

35
Q

The task of determining the cause of a problem.

A

Diagnosis

36
Q

Represent fundamental ways of explaining things.

A

Aristotelian types

37
Q

the underlying cause that is the most basic reason for a problem’s existence

A

Root cause

38
Q

These reflect the fact that causes can be more or less closely connected to their effects in space and time.

A

Proximity distinctions

39
Q

When people explain the behavior of others in terms of internal dispositions while ignoring external situational factors that may be more influential.

A

Fundamental Attribution error

40
Q

Enablements, normal, to-be-expected factors that are less active than causes; they may be equally necessary for the occurrence of an effect.

A

Conditions

41
Q

An account of how people develop causal explanations of social phenomena

A

Attribution theory

42
Q

A cause that is somewhat removed, in space and time, from its effects.

A

Remote or Underlying cause

43
Q

Faulty implementation yields misleading conclusions.

A

Experimentation errors

44
Q

Trying to understand or make sense out of the data.

A

Interpretation

45
Q

Causes necessarily precede their effects in time. This cue is perfectly valid, though not very informative.

A

Temporal order

46
Q

Since causality isn’t magic, cause and effect must be connected through space and time for causal influence to be transmitted. Disease vectors identified by medical scientists express this contiguity.

A

Space/time contiguity

47
Q

An enduring source of variation that derives from the way a process is designed.

A

Common cause

48
Q

Guns don’t kill people, people kill people.

A

People are the cause and guns are the condition or enabler

49
Q

We reach too far in constructing causal accounts.

A

Over-interpretation

50
Q

Why did the car break down? The car belt broke.

A

Proximity cause

51
Q

Accepting mistaken hypotheses

A

Type 2 error

52
Q

Considering only one hypothesis

A

Unary thinking

53
Q

Explaining events in terms of non-existent hidden purposes.

A

Pathetic Fallacy

54
Q

Assuming that causation is simple

A

Minimum causation

55
Q

The triggering event at sets off or produces an effect.

A

precipitating cause

56
Q

A cause that occurs close, in space and time, to its effects.

A

Proximate cause

57
Q

The thing or activity that produces an effect. The most widely used notion of causality.

A

Generative cause

58
Q

Saw a guy kick a dog and assume he beats his wife and he’s a bad guy. You see him at the bus stop and confront him. He said he felt bad and that his wife left him, his kids are on drugs, and he came out of the store and stepped in dog shit. You don’t know what they’ve been through.

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

59
Q

The essential nature or properties of a thing that explain related events and outcomes.

A

Essential cause

Mgmt Problem Solving (13 decks)

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