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mam phys exam 1 > exam 2 class 16 > Flashcards

exam 2 class 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Simply smelling, seeing, or even thinking about food: create long reflexes that begin in brain create a feedforward response known as the?

A

cephalic phase of digestion

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2
Q

complex hypoosmotic fluid, has water, ions, mucus, and proteins such as enzymes and immunoglobulins

A

Saliva:

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3
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands produce ~

A

1.5 liters of saliva/ day

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4
Q

Salivary glands are composed of?

A

exocrine glands, with
secretory epithelium arranged in
grapelike clusters of cells called acini

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5
Q

Saliva production is a two-step process:

A

(1) Acinar cells’ secreted fluid: an isotonic NaCl solution.
(2) Epithelial cells along duct reabsorb NaCl and secrete K+ and bicarbonate ion

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6
Q

Apical membranes of duct cells have very low water permeability called?

A

hypoosmotic saliva

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7
Q

functions of saliva

A

soften and moisten food
digestion of starch
taste
defense

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8
Q

lubricate food to make it easier to swallow

A

Soften and moisten food:

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9
Q

has salivary amylase. Amylase breaks starch
into maltose

A

Digestion of starch:

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10
Q

Saliva dissolves food so that we can taste it

A

Taste:

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11
Q

Lysozyme is an antibacterial salivary enzyme, and salivary immunoglobulins disable bacteria and viruses

A

Defense:

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12
Q

reflex action that pushes a bolus of food or
liquid into esophagus

A

swallowing, or deglutition:

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13
Q

swallowing center in medulla oblongata

A

glossopharyngeal nerve :

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14
Q

(1) Acinar cells’ secreted fluid:

A

an isotonic NaCl solution.

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15
Q

(2) Epithelial cells along duct reabsorb?

A

NaCl and secrete K+ and bicarbonate ion

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16
Q

separates lower end of the esophagus
separated from the stomach

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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17
Q

one the most common digestive disorder

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disorder or GERD:

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18
Q

gastric acid and pepsin irritate lining of esophagus

A

heartburn:

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19
Q

During inspiration, when intrapleural pressure falls, what happens?

A

sub-atmospheric pressure in esophageal lumen and can suck acidic contents out of stomach if sphincter is relaxed

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20
Q

3 functions of the stomach

A

storage
digestion
defense

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21
Q

stores food and regulates its passage into the small intestine

A

Storage: in stomach

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22
Q

chemically and mechanically digests food into the soupy mixture called chyme

A

Digestion: in stomach

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23
Q

destroys bacteria and other pathogens that are swallowed with food

A

Defense: in stomach

24
Q
A
25
Q

before food arrives what reflex occurs

A

vagal reflex

26
Q

distension of stomach and presence of peptides or amino acids in lumen activate endocrine cells and enteric neurons

A

gastric phase reflexes

27
Q

influence motility and secretion

A

Hormones, neurotransmitters, and
paracrine molecules

28
Q

When food arrives from the esophagus, the stomach relaxes and expands to hold the increased volume:

A

receptive relaxation

29
Q

the lower stomach is where what occurs

A

digestion

30
Q

Peristaltic waves pushes the food down toward the ________, mixing food with acid and digestive enzymes

A

pylorus

31
Q

Lumen of stomach is lined with ?

A

mucus-producing
epithelium punctuated by
the openings of gastric pits.
The pits lead to gastric
glands deep within the
mucosal layer

32
Q

first part of intestine

A

duodenum.

33
Q

secrete hormone gastrin into the blood

A

G cells:

34
Q

gastrin release is stimulated by presence of amino acids and peptides in the stomach/ by distension of stomach/ ENS neurotransmitter called gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)

A

In short reflexes:

35
Q

parasympathetic neurons from vagus nerve stimulate G cells to release gastrin into blood

A

in cephalic reflexes:

36
Q

(1) directly acts on parietal cells
(2) indirectly by stimulating histamine release

A

Gastrin’s primary action is to promote acid release

37
Q

secrete gastric acid (HCl) into the lumen of
the stomach

A

Parietal cells:

38
Q

Acid secretion in the stomach
averages ?

A

1–3 liters per day,

39
Q

(1) Causes release and activation of pepsin: enzyme that digests proteins.
(2) Triggers somatostatin release from D cells.
(3) Denatures proteins by breaking disulfide and hydrogen bonds that hold
the protein in its tertiary structure (more accessible to digestion by pepsin).
(4) Helps kill bacteria and other ingested microorganisms.
(5) Inactivates salivary amylase, stopping carbohydrate digestion that began
in mouth

A

Gastric acid has multiple functions:

40
Q

H+ from water inside parietal cell is pumped
into stomach lumen by H+-K+-ATPase in
exchange for?

A

K+ entering cell

41
Q

Cl- moves through?

A

open chloride channels

42
Q

Net result is

A

secretion of HCl by cell

43
Q

drugs to treat over secretion of gastric acid, block activity of H+-K+ ATPase

A

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs):

44
Q

what is absorbed into the blood in the parietal pathway of acid secretion in the stomach

A

HCO3-

45
Q

The buffering action of makes blood leaving
the stomach less acidic, creating an ?

A

alkaline tide

46
Q

Chief cells produce two enzymes:

A

pepsin and gastric lipase

47
Q

inactive form- pepsinogen activated by H+ ( HCl from parietal cells) protein digestion

A

Pepsin:

48
Q

break down triglycerides.
< 1/3rd of fat digestion takes place in
stomach

A

Gastric lipase:

49
Q

secreted by ECL cells in
response to gastrin or acetylcholine
stimulation

A

Histamine:

50
Q

protein secreted by
parietal cells, complexes with B12 vitamin
(for its absorption in the intestine).

A

Intrinsic factor:

51
Q

also known as
hypothalamic growth hormone-inhibiting
hormone, is secreted by D cells

A

somatostatin (SS),

52
Q

-physical barrier,
-chemical buffer

A

Mucus:
Bicarbonate:

53
Q
  1. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome:
  2. Peptic ulcers:
A

Pathologies:

53
Q

excessive gastrin (gastrinoma)

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome:

54
Q

acid and pepsin destroy mucosa, creating holes that extend into submucosa and muscularis of stomach

A

Peptic ulcers:

55
Q

Ibuprofen, aspirin

A

NSAIDS:

56
Q

NSAIDs inhibit the enzyme
____________________, which is responsible for
converting AA into prostaglandins

A

cyclooxygenase (COX)

mam phys exam 1 (17 decks)

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