exam 2 class 15

Question 1

Digestive system begins with?

Answer 1

oral cavity (mouth and pharynx), which serves as a receptacle for food

Question 2

Swallowed food enters

Answer 2

gastrointestinal tract
(GI tract)

Question 3

gastrointestinal tract
(GI tract) consisting of

Answer 3

esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and large intestine

Question 4

Portion of the GI tract running from the
stomach to the anus is also called the

Answer 4

gut

Question 5

Digestion, chemical and mechanical breakdown of food, takes place primarily in?

Answer 5

lumen of gut

Question 6

Secretions are added to ingested food by?

Answer 6

secretory epithelial cells and by accessory glandular organs

Question 7

accessory glandular organs that include?

Answer 7

salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.

Question 8

(1) Sublingual glands

Answer 8

under the tongue

Question 9

(2) Submandibular glands

Answer 9

under the mandible (jawbone)

Question 10

(3) Parotid glands lying near

Answer 10

the hinge of the jaw

Question 11

Swallowed food passes into
__________, a narrow tube that travels through the ________ to _________

Answer 11

esophagus
thorax
abdomen

Question 12

Esophageal walls are _______ initially but transition to
__________ about two-thirds of way down length

Answer 12

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle

Question 13

Stomach has three
sections:

Answer 13

upper fundus,
central body,
lower antrum

Question 14

opening between stomach
and small intestine is
guarded by the pyloric
valve

Answer 14

Pylorus {gatekeeper}

Question 15

Stomach continues digestion that began in the
mouth by mixing food with acid and enzymes to
create?

Answer 15

chyme

Question 16

Most digestion takes place in

Answer 16

small intestine

Question 17

what are the three sections of the small intestine

Answer 17

duodenum (the first 25 cm),
jejunum,
ileum

Question 18

______________is carried out by intestinal enzymes, aided by exocrine secretions from
two accessory glandular organs: pancreas
and liver

Answer 18

Digestion

Question 19

Digestion finishes in ?

Answer 19

small intestine,

Question 20

proximal section of large
intestine—watery chyme becomes semisolid
feces, as water and electrolytes are absorbed out of the chyme and into the extracellular fluid
(ECF)

Answer 20

in the colon

Question 21

(1) inner mucosa facing lumen
(2) submucosa
(3) layers of smooth muscle known collectively as muscularis externa
(4) covering of connective tissue called serosa

Answer 21

4 layers of the GI tract

Question 22

what does the Mucosa include:

Answer 22

(1) transporting epithelial cells (called enterocytes in the small intestine),
(2) endocrine and exocrine secretory cells,
(3) stem cells

Question 23

what is done at the mucosal surface

Answer 23

cells secrete ions, enzymes, mucus, and paracrine molecules into lumen

Question 24

tie GI epithelial cells together

Answer 24

cell to cell junctions

Question 25

In small intestine,
junctions are ?

Answer 25

leaky

Question 26

GI tract is prone to?

Answer 26

cancer

Question 27

is subepithelial
connective tissue: nerve fibers blood
vessels and lymph vessels

Answer 27

Lamina propria

Question 28

Contraction of muscles
in muscularis mucosae?

Answer 28

moves the
villi back and forth

Question 29

middle layer of gut
wall

Answer 29

Submucosa:

Question 30

Submucosa is made of?

Answer 30

Connective tissue with larger blood and lymph vessels running
through it

Question 31

Submucosa also contains

Answer 31

submucosal or Meissner’s
plexus, one of the major nerve networks of enteric nervous system

Question 32

Outer wall of GI tract,
muscularis externa, consists
primarily of 2 layers of smooth muscle

Answer 32

inner circular layer and
outer longitudinal layer

Question 33

Contraction of circular layer
decreases?
Contraction of longitudinal layer?

Answer 33

diameter of lumen.
shortens tube

Question 34

Outer covering of entire GI
tract, is connective
tissue membrane that is a
continuation of the
peritoneal membrane
(peritoneum) lining the
abdominal cavity

Answer 34

serosa

Question 35

Four processes of digestive system:

Answer 35

digestion, absorption,
secretion, and motility

Question 36

If protective mechanisms against autodigestion fail, raw patches known as peptic ulcers develop

Answer 36

autodigestion:

Question 37

matching fluid input with output, dehydration

Answer 37

Mass balance:

Question 38

vomiting, diarrhea, loss of blood pressure

Answer 38

Fluid loss:

Question 39

GI tract is assisted by an array of physiological defense mechanisms, including mucus, digestive enzymes, acid, and the largest collection
of lymphoid tissue in the body, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

Answer 39

Defense:

Question 40

Gastrointestinal epithelial cells are________, with distinct apical and
basolateral membranes

Answer 40

polarized