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mam phys exam 1 > exam 2 class 11 > Flashcards

exam 2 class 11 Flashcards

1
Q

distribution of blood to the tissues three things

A
  1. % of total flow
  2. Volume per 100 g of tissue per minute
  3. absolute rate of flow (L/min)
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2
Q

how is blood flow to all the individual tissues possible?

A

all of the arterioles in the body are in parallel

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3
Q

arterioles receive blood at the same time from the?

A

aorta

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4
Q

Flow through individual arterioles in a branching system of arterioles
depends on?

A

their resistance (R)

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5
Q

The higher the resistance in an arteriole, the _______the blood flow through it.

A

lower

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6
Q

Pressure-Volume relationships of _________ provide the basis for circulation

A

Boyle’s law

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7
Q

(1) blood flow increases in response to a pressure
gradient
(2) blood flow decreases as the resistance (R) of the system to flow increases

A

change in pressure/resistance

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8
Q

arteriolar resistance matches tissue blood flow to the metabolic needs of the tissue

A

Local control

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9
Q

the CNS maintain mean arterial pressure and determine blood distribution to various tissues to meet homeostatic needs, such as temperature regulation

A

Sympathetic reflexes

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10
Q

-particularly those that regulate salt and water excretion by the kidneys
-influence blood pressure by acting directly on the
arterioles and by altering autonomic reflex control

A

Hormones

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11
Q

help control involuntary body functions

A

Sympathetic neurons

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12
Q

facilitates the normal day-to-day functions

A

parasympathetic nervous
system

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13
Q

cell communication where a cell releases a signal to change the behavior of nearby cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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14
Q

when blood reaches the capillaries what happens

A

plasma and the cells exchange materials across the thin capillary walls

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15
Q

Most cells are located within ________ of the nearest capillary, and
diffusion over this short distance proceeds rapidly

A

0.1 mm

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16
Q

what has the most capillaries per unit area?

A

tissues

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17
Q

what has the lowest capillary density

A

subcutaneous tissue and cartilage

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18
Q

what has the highest capillary density?

A

muscles and glands

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19
Q

Adult human body has how many miles of capillaries

A

50,000 miles

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20
Q

thinnest walls of all the blood vessels, composed
of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells supported on a basal lamina

A

Capillaries

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21
Q

how much SA of capillaries do we have?

A

6300 m2 (two football fields)

22
Q

diameter of a capillary is barely that of a red blood cell which forces?

A

RBCs to squeeze through in single file

23
Q

Even though a single capillary has a tiny
diameter, when you put them all together,
their summed diameters cover an area much
larger than?

A

the total cross-sectional areas of all the arteries and veins combined

24
Q

have a lining that contains pores that let only small molecules pass through. Nervous system, skin and lungs

A

Continuous capillaries

25
Q

have larger openings
(fenestrations) between the cells that allow the quick
exchange of substances (nutrients and blood). Kidneys, small intestine and endocrine glands

A

Fenestrated capillaries

26
Q

discontinuous, have even larger gaps and pores. Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and endocrine glands

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

27
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffuse freely across?

A

thin endothelium

28
Q

In capillaries with leaky cell
junctions, most small dissolved solutes can diffuse freely between?

A

the cells or through the
fenestrations

29
Q

mass movement of fluid as the result of hydrostatic
or osmotic pressure gradients

A

Bulk flow

30
Q

If the direction of bulk flow is into the capillary

A

absorption

31
Q

If the direction of flow is out of the capillary

A

filtration

32
Q

kidneys?

A

filtration mostly

33
Q

intestines?

A

absorption mostly

34
Q

what regulates bulk flow in the capillaries

A

starling forces

35
Q

lateral pressure component of blood flow that
pushes fluid out through the capillary pores

A

hydrostatic pressure

36
Q

straling forces

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure
  2. osmotic pressure
37
Q

determined by solute concentration of a
compartment

A

Osmotic pressure

38
Q

what is the main solute difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

proteins - present in the plasma but absent from interstitial fluid

39
Q

the osmotic pressure created by the presence of these proteins

A

colloid osmotic pressure
also called oncotic pressure

40
Q

A positive value for the net
pressure indicates ?
and a negative value indicates?

A

net filtration
net absorption

41
Q

filtration is greater than?

A

absorption

42
Q

how much bulk flow is there each day?

A

3 liters per day

43
Q

allows the one-
way movement of interstitial fluid
from the tissues into the circulation

A

The lymphatic system

44
Q

what physiological systems do the lymphatic system interact with?

A

cardiovascular system
digestive system
immune system

45
Q

(1) returning fluid and proteins filtered to the circulatory system
(2) picking up fat absorbed at the small intestine and moves it to the circulatory system
(3) a filter to capture and destroy foreign pathogens

A

functions of the lymphatic system

46
Q

accumulation of fluid in the
interstitial space, a condition called?

A

edema

47
Q

(1) inadequate drainage of
lymph
(2) blood capillary filtration
that greatly exceeds capillary absorption

A

edema causes

48
Q

-elevated venous pressure

e.g. during heart failure, a condition in which one ventricle loses pumping power and can no longer pump all the blood sent to it by the other ventricle

A

increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure

49
Q

severe malnutrition or liver failure and these proteins are responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure component of the blood.

A

Decrease in plasma protein concentration

49
Q

excessive leakage of proteins out of the blood decreases the colloid osmotic pressure gradient and increases net capillary filtration

A

Increase in interstitial proteins:

mam phys exam 1 (17 decks)

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