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mam phys exam 1 > exam 2 class 12 > Flashcards

exam 2 class 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The pointed apex of heart angles down to left side of the body, while broader base lies just behind

A

breastbone, or sternum

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2
Q

the heart lies on what side?

A

ventral side sandwiched
between two lungs,
with its apex resting
on diaphragm

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3
Q

what does the thin layer of clear pericardial fluid do?

A

lubricates external surface of
heart as it beats within sac

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4
Q

pulmonary veins are hidden
behind?

A

other major blood
vessels

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5
Q

Inflammation of pericardium is?

A

pericarditis

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6
Q

aorta and pulmonary trunk
(artery) direct blood from?

A

the heart to tissues and lungs

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7
Q

the venae cavae
and pulmonary veins return?

A

blood to heart

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8
Q

circuit that takes blood to the lungs and gills

A

pulmonary

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9
Q

what are the two circulation circuits?

A

pulmonary
systemic

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9
Q

circuit that takes blood to the body

A

systemic

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10
Q

what partial pressures very in the circulatory system?

A

partial pressures of O2 and CO2

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11
Q

Left and right sides of the heart are separated by?

A

septum

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12
Q

what Two sets of heart valves ensure this one-way
flow?

A

atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

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13
Q

valves between
the atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV)

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14
Q

crescent-moon shape,
between the ventricles and their arteries

A

Semilunar (SL)
valves

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15
Q

slightly thickened at the edge and connect on ventricular side to collagenous tendons

A

Aortic valve flaps

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16
Q

tethered to ventricular muscle known as the
papillary muscle.

A

chordae tendineae

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17
Q

the valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle has three
flaps and is called ?

A

tricuspid valve

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18
Q

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle has only two flaps?

A

bicuspid valve
(also known as mitral valve)

19
Q

valve is between left ventricle and the aorta

A

SLV valve
or aortic semilunar valve

20
Q

lies between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary valve

21
Q

has three
cuplike leaflets that snap closed when blood attempting to flow
back into ventricles fills them

A

semilunar valve

22
Q

what kind of blood in coronary circulation
is much lower in oxygen content than venous blood returning through
venae cavae?

A

venous blood

23
Q

Cardiac muscle consumes _______ of oxygen delivered to it by the blood, more than twice the amount extracted by other cells in the body

A

70–80%

24
Q

Bulk of heart is composed of ?

A

cardiac muscle cells, or myocardium

25
Q

Signal for myocardial contraction comes not
from the nervous system but from specialized
myocardial cells called?

A

autorhythmic cells
also pace makers

26
Q

The signal for contraction is _________, originating within the heart muscle itself

A

myogenic

27
Q

how are cardiac muscles different form skeletal muscles?

A
  1. cardiac muscle fiber are much smaller
  2. cardiac ,muscle cells branch and join more cells
  3. Gap junctions onnect cardiac muscle
    cells to one another
    4.mitochondria occupy 1/3 of the cell volume
28
Q

intercalated disks have two components?

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

29
Q
  • The filaments slide past one another
  • The sarcomere shortens with no change in lengths of the thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments themselves
A

contraction of sarcomere

30
Q

Thin filaments also contain proteins?

A

troponin
and tropomyosin

31
Q

these work together to block myosin binding sites on actin

A

troponin and tropomyosin

32
Q

When calcium ions bind to troponin

A

the myosin binding site on actin is exposed, and contractions can begin

33
Q

The force generated by cardiac muscle is proportional to?

A

the number of cross
bridges that are active

34
Q

The number of active cross bridges is determined by how much _______ is
bound to troponin

A

Ca2+

35
Q

If cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations are low?

A

some cross bridges are not
activated and contraction force is small

36
Q

Extracellular fluid?

A

more Na+ and Cl-

37
Q

interior of membrane?

A

lower Na+ & Cl- , higher K+

38
Q

Action potential depends on?

A

a voltage-gated channel

39
Q

The rapid depolarization
phase of the action potential is the result of?

A

entry Na+, and the steep
repolarization phase
is due to K+ leaving the
cell

40
Q

myocardial contractile cell has longer action potential due to?

A

Ca2+ entry

41
Q

what phase? resting membrane potential

A

Phase 4

42
Q

what phase? depolarization

A

Phase 0:

43
Q

what phase? initial repolarization

A

Phase 1:

44
Q

what phase? the plateau

A

phase 2

mam phys exam 1 (17 decks)

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