exam 1 class 6 Flashcards
what are the 4 major functions of the respiratory system
- exchange of gases
- regulation of body pH
- protection
- vocalization
exchange of gases?
between the atmosphere, blood and body tissues
CO2 and O2
regulation of body pH?
the lungs can alter body pH by retaining or excreting CO2
protection?
from inhaled pathogens and irritants, respiratory epithelium trap and destroy potentially harmful substances before they can enter the body
vocalization ?
air across vocal cords creates vibrations used for speech, singing and other forms of communication
losses from the respiratory system?
metabolic heat loss
insensible water loss
what is insensible water loss? IWL
water that is lost from the body each day through the skin and lungs hard to measure
lead from the external environment to the exchange surface of the lungs
airways
series of interconnected sacs and their pulmonary capillaries. They are the exchange surface where O2 moves from inhaled air to the blood and CO2 moves from blood to the air that is exhaled
alveoli
What of the thorax and abdomen assist in ventilation?
bones and muscles
upper respiratory tract parts?
mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx
lower respiratory tract parts?
trachea, 2 primary bronchi, their branches and the lungs with alveoli
upper respiratory tract path?
mouth and nose-> pharynx-> larynx ( contains the vocal cords) -> trachea
what forms the thoracic cage?
bones of the spine and rib cage
dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle
diaphragm
what connects the ribs?
internal and external costal muscle
what muscle runs from the head and neck to the sternum and first two ribs?
sternocleidomastoids
what are the three sacs or bags in the thorax?
- pericardial sac ( contains the heart)
- pleural sacs (surround a lung) left and right
each lung is surrounded by?
a double walled pleural sac line the inside of the thorax and cover the outer surface of the lungs
each pleural membrane contains?
layers of elastic connective tissue, and numerous capillaries
fluid is in between the in the cavity of the pleural sac
what are the two purposes of pleural fluid ?
- creates a moist slippery surface for the membranes to slide past each other and move inside of the thorax
- holds the lungs tight agains the thoracic wall
how many lobes are in the right and left lobe?
3- right
2- left
the total surface area is the _____ in the upper respiratory tract and ________ in bronchioles
lowest, greatest
cluster of alveoli is surrounded by?
elastic fibers and capillaries
velocity of airflow is ________ in the upper airways and the ______ in the terminal bronchioles
greatest, slowest
3 components of conditioning air?
- warming ( air to body temp)
- adding water vapor (until the air reaches 100% humidity so that epithelium doesn’t dry out)
- filtering out foreign material ( viruses and bacteria and inorganic materials don’t reach alveoli)
By the time air reaches the trachea?
it has been
conditioned to 100% humidity and 37 °C.
Airways (trachea and bronchi) are lined with?
ciliated epithelium
Which cells produce mucus?
goblet cells
Which cell type has cilia?
columnar epithelial cells
mucus process….
- mucus floats over cilia and traps largest pieces
- cilia beat upwards and moves mucus to pharynx
- immunqgobulions disable many pathogens
- once in pharynx can be spit out or swallowed and stomach acid will destroy microorganisms
Each tiny alveolus is composed of
single layer of?
epithelium
what 2 types of epithelial cells are found?
Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells
Type I alveolar cells function?
are very thin for gases to diffuse rapidly through them
Type II alveolar cells function?
- synthesize and secrete a chemical known as surfactant (surfactant mixes with fluid lining the alveoli to aid the lungs in expanding during breathing)
- also help minimize the amount of fluid present in the alveoli
surfactant is a mixture of what?
phospholipids
proteins
neutral lipids
mast cells are found where ?
in the airways
mast cells
membrane mound secretory granules that have many inflammatory mediators
do gases move up or down pressure gradients?
down pressure gradients
gas equation
PV=nRT
p pressure
v volume
n moles of gas
t absolute temperature
r is universal gas constant
if the volume of gas is reduced the pressure increases. if the volume increases the pressure decreases
boyles law
when the chest volume increases… alveolar pressure?
falls and air flows into the respiratory systems
chest volume decreases….
alveolar pressure increases, and air flows into the atmosphere
total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases
daltons law
p1v1=p2v2
boyles law
