exam 1 class 6

Question 1

what are the 4 major functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

1. exchange of gases
2. regulation of body pH
3. protection
4. vocalization

Question 2

exchange of gases?

Answer 2

between the atmosphere, blood and body tissues

CO2 and O2

Question 3

regulation of body pH?

Answer 3

the lungs can alter body pH by retaining or excreting CO2

Question 4

protection?

Answer 4

from inhaled pathogens and irritants, respiratory epithelium trap and destroy potentially harmful substances before they can enter the body

Question 5

vocalization ?

Answer 5

air across vocal cords creates vibrations used for speech, singing and other forms of communication

Question 6

losses from the respiratory system?

Answer 6

metabolic heat loss
insensible water loss

Question 7

what is insensible water loss? IWL

Answer 7

water that is lost from the body each day through the skin and lungs hard to measure

Question 8

lead from the external environment to the exchange surface of the lungs

Answer 8

airways

Question 9

series of interconnected sacs and their pulmonary capillaries. They are the exchange surface where O2 moves from inhaled air to the blood and CO2 moves from blood to the air that is exhaled

Answer 9

alveoli

Question 10

What of the thorax and abdomen assist in ventilation?

Answer 10

bones and muscles

Question 11

upper respiratory tract parts?

Answer 11

mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

Question 12

lower respiratory tract parts?

Answer 12

trachea, 2 primary bronchi, their branches and the lungs with alveoli

Question 13

upper respiratory tract path?

Answer 13

mouth and nose-> pharynx-> larynx ( contains the vocal cords) -> trachea

Question 14

what forms the thoracic cage?

Answer 14

bones of the spine and rib cage

Question 15

dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle

Answer 15

diaphragm

Question 16

what connects the ribs?

Answer 16

internal and external costal muscle

Question 17

what muscle runs from the head and neck to the sternum and first two ribs?

Answer 17

sternocleidomastoids

Question 18

what are the three sacs or bags in the thorax?

Answer 18

• pericardial sac ( contains the heart)
• pleural sacs (surround a lung) left and right

Question 19

each lung is surrounded by?

Answer 19

a double walled pleural sac line the inside of the thorax and cover the outer surface of the lungs

Question 20

each pleural membrane contains?

Answer 20

layers of elastic connective tissue, and numerous capillaries

fluid is in between the in the cavity of the pleural sac

Question 21

what are the two purposes of pleural fluid ?

Answer 21

• creates a moist slippery surface for the membranes to slide past each other and move inside of the thorax
• holds the lungs tight agains the thoracic wall

Question 22

how many lobes are in the right and left lobe?

Answer 22

3- right
2- left

Question 23

the total surface area is the _____ in the upper respiratory tract and ________ in bronchioles

Answer 23

lowest, greatest

Question 24

cluster of alveoli is surrounded by?

Answer 24

elastic fibers and capillaries

Question 25

velocity of airflow is ________ in the upper airways and the ______ in the terminal bronchioles

Answer 25

greatest, slowest

Question 26

3 components of conditioning air?

Answer 26

• warming ( air to body temp)
• adding water vapor (until the air reaches 100% humidity so that epithelium doesn’t dry out)
• filtering out foreign material ( viruses and bacteria and inorganic materials don’t reach alveoli)

Question 27

By the time air reaches the trachea?

Answer 27

it has been
conditioned to 100% humidity and 37 °C.

Question 28

Airways (trachea and bronchi) are lined with?

Answer 28

ciliated epithelium

Question 29

Which cells produce mucus?

Answer 29

goblet cells

Question 30

Which cell type has cilia?

Answer 30

columnar epithelial cells

Question 31

mucus process….

Answer 31

• mucus floats over cilia and traps largest pieces
• cilia beat upwards and moves mucus to pharynx
• immunqgobulions disable many pathogens
• once in pharynx can be spit out or swallowed and stomach acid will destroy microorganisms

Question 32

Each tiny alveolus is composed of
single layer of?

Answer 32

epithelium

Question 33

what 2 types of epithelial cells are found?

Answer 33

Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells

Question 34

Type I alveolar cells function?

Answer 34

are very thin for gases to diffuse rapidly through them

Question 35

Type II alveolar cells function?

Answer 35

• synthesize and secrete a chemical known as surfactant (surfactant mixes with fluid lining the alveoli to aid the lungs in expanding during breathing)
• also help minimize the amount of fluid present in the alveoli

Question 36

surfactant is a mixture of what?

Answer 36

phospholipids
proteins
neutral lipids

Question 37

mast cells are found where ?

Answer 37

in the airways

Question 38

mast cells

Answer 38

membrane mound secretory granules that have many inflammatory mediators

Question 39

do gases move up or down pressure gradients?

Answer 39

down pressure gradients

Question 40

gas equation

Answer 40

PV=nRT

p pressure
v volume
n moles of gas
t absolute temperature
r is universal gas constant

Question 41

if the volume of gas is reduced the pressure increases. if the volume increases the pressure decreases

Answer 41

boyles law

Question 42

when the chest volume increases… alveolar pressure?

Answer 42

falls and air flows into the respiratory systems

Question 43

chest volume decreases….

Answer 43

alveolar pressure increases, and air flows into the atmosphere

Question 44

total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

Answer 44

daltons law

Question 45

p1v1=p2v2

Answer 45

boyles law