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mam phys exam 1 > exam 1 class 2 and 3 > Flashcards

exam 1 class 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

homeo

A

similar

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2
Q

homo

A

same

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3
Q

transition between an organisms external environment and the intracellular fluid inside the cells

A

extracellular fluid (ECF)

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4
Q

buffer zone between cells and outside world

A

ECF

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5
Q

principle of mass balance

A

input=output

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6
Q

intake routes of the human body

A

mouth, nose, skin

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7
Q

output routes of the human body

A

skin nose kidneys

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8
Q

Homeostasis is not the same as

A

equilibrium

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9
Q

when external environment is stable and reaction or metabolic pathway has a constant rate

A

steady state homeostasis

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10
Q

rate or forward does not equal rate of reverse
rate of input=rate of output

A

steady state homeostasis

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11
Q

what happens when an external environment is not stable?

A
  • temp changes
  • organism responds ACTIVE REGULATROY CONTROL MECHANISMS
  • balanced again
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12
Q

restricted to tissue or cell involved

A

local control

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13
Q

decrease in oxygen conc. in the tissues is an example of what?

A

local control

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14
Q

long distance pathway that uses the nervous system, endocrine system or both

A

reflex system

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15
Q

maintaining blood pressure in body is an example of what?

A

reflex control

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16
Q

response loop + feedback loop=?

A

reflex loop

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17
Q

input signal + integrating center + output signal +response =?

A

response loop

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18
Q

nervous/ endocrine system

A

integrating center

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19
Q

chemical signals, electrical signals or both

A

output signal

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20
Q

any cell of the body

A

target

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21
Q

the response “feeds back” to influence the input portion of the pathway

A

feedback loop

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22
Q

2 types of feedback loops

A

-positive feedback
- negative feedback

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23
Q

negative feedback loops is homeostatic or not homeostatic?

A

homeostatic

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24
Q

postitive are homeostatic or not homeostatic?

A

not homeostatic

25
Q

in negative feedback…

A

the response loop shuts off

26
Q

in positive feedback….

A

an outside factor is required to shut off the feedback loop

27
Q

key factors about negative feedback

A
  • most common
  • oppositie to initial stimulus
  • something becomes excessive or deficient, negative feedback occurs moves back to correct value in homeostasis
28
Q

key factors about positive feedback

A
  • less common
  • in the direction to initial stimulus
  • response reinforces the stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it, sends regulated variable even farther from its normal value- outside event must occur to stop loop
29
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

loss of blood
blood clotting
childbirth

30
Q

reflexes that have evolved for the body to predict a change that is about to occur and starts the response loop anticipation of the change

A

feedforward control

31
Q

energy released from food is shown in the variation of the temperature of the water

A

bomb calorimeter

32
Q

cells release energy in many small reactions called?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

33
Q

electrons are transferred from one molecule to another and change the composition and energy content of the donor and the acceptor

A

oxidation

34
Q

food molecules act as?

A

electron donors

35
Q

products of the reaction has ________ energy content than the donor molecule that proceeded it in the pathway

A

lower

36
Q

when carbon atoms are fully oxidized what happens?

A

they are released as waste in form of CO2

37
Q

how is energy from food stored

A

ATP

38
Q

1 mole of ATP=?

A

7200 calories

39
Q

enzymes?

A

lower activation energy

40
Q

3 major pathways

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. TCA cycle (krebs cycle)
  3. oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
41
Q

to start glycolysis what do you need

A

glucose, ATP and NAD+

42
Q

what is the end product of cellular respiration

A

net 30- 32 ATP per glucose

43
Q

what is the main contribution of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

high energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport system in the mitochondria

44
Q

what is the two equations of a glucose molecule

A

slide 12 of class 3

45
Q

gylco? lysis?

A

sugar splitting

46
Q
  • pathway that does not require oxygen
  • has 10 reactions total
A

glycolysis

47
Q

1-5 of glycolysis

A

energy requiring phase

48
Q

6-10 glycolysis

A

energy releasing phase

49
Q

Is glycolysis pathway endergonic or exergonic?

A

exergonic

50
Q

what steps of glycolysis uses ATP?

A

1 and 3

51
Q

what steps of glycolysis make ATP and NADH?

A

6, 7, 10

52
Q

glycolysis total

A

converts one six-carbon molecule of glucose into two three-carbon molecules of
pyruvate

net products= are two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH

53
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in the cytoplasm

54
Q

where does citric acid cycle take place

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

55
Q

oxidative metabolism occurs where ?

A

in the internal folds of the mitochondria (cristae)

56
Q

connector that links glycolysis to the rest of cellular respiration

A

pyruvate oxidation

57
Q

step 1 of pyruvate oxidation

A

adequate oxygen and then pyruvate is moved to the mitochondria

58
Q

step 2 of pyruvate oxidation

A

pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A and produces acetyl CoA, one NADH, and one CO2

59
Q

step 3 of pyruvate oxidation

A

acetyl CoA has two parts a 2- carbon acyl unit which came from a pyruvate and coenzyme A

mam phys exam 1 (7 decks)

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