exam 1 class 8

Question 1

does gas exchange in the lungs move down or up conc. gradient?

Answer 1

down

Question 2

what happens when arterial blood reaches the tissue capillaries

Answer 2

gradient is reserved

Question 3

what is the main factor that affects atmospheric oxygen content

Answer 3

altitude

Question 4

does partial pressure increase or decrease s you go from sea level to higher altitudes

Answer 4

decreases

Question 5

low alveolar ventilation

Answer 5

hypoventilation

Question 6

lower than normal values of fresh air in the alveoli and less blood oxygen level

Answer 6

hypoxia

Question 7

factors affecting alveolar gas exchange
1. oxygen reaching the lungs ->

Answer 7

composition of inhaled air

Question 8

factors affecting alveolar gas exchange
2. alveolar ventilation ->

Answer 8

• airway resistance
• ability of lung to stretch
• rate and depth of breathing

Question 9

CNS depression does what ?

Answer 9

slows ventilation rate and decreases depth of breathing

Question 10

causes of CNS
depression

Answer 10

alcohol poisoning and
drug overdoses

Question 11

The transfer of oxygen from alveoli to blood requires diffusion across the barrier created by__________________

Answer 11

type I alveolar cells and the capillary endothelium

Question 12

factors affecting aveolar gas diffusion
3. gas diffusion between air and blood

Answer 12

• surface area
• diffusion distance
• barrier permeability
• concentration gradient

Question 13

factors that make alveolar gas exchange much harder?

Answer 13

1. decrease in amount of alveolar SA available
2. increase in thickness of the alveolar capillary exchange barrier
3. increase in diffusion distance between the alveolar air space in the blood

Question 14

factors affecting alveolar gas exchange
4. Adequate perfusion of
the alveoli

Answer 14

how good
is the blood capillary
network

Question 15

how much of O2 in blood is transported as bound hemoglobin

Answer 15

98%

Question 16

how much of O2 is transported as dissolved in blood plasma

Answer 16

2%

Question 17

one hemoglobin molecule has the potential to bind to

Answer 17

4 oxygen molecules

Question 18

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is called

Answer 18

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Question 19

The absolute
concentration of
dissolved gases also
depends on?

Answer 19

the solubility, ⍺, of oxygen
in water

Question 20

factors affecting alveolar gas exchange
3. gas diffusion between the blood and air

Answer 20

• surface area
  -diffusion distance
• barrier permeability
• concentration gradient

Question 21

what gives red blood cells their color

Answer 21

hemoglobin

Question 22

3 ways carbon dioxide is transported

Answer 22

1. cellular respiration (exhaled)
2. to much CO2 can alter pH
3. to much CO2 can depress CNS function and lead to death

Question 23

elevated CO2

Answer 23

hypercapnia

Question 24

pH disturbance by to much CO2

Answer 24

acidosis

Question 25

how much CO2 is dissolved in plasma

Answer 25

7%

Question 26

how much CO2 diffuses into red blood cells

Answer 26

93%

Question 27

what is it called when CO2 binds to hemoglobin

Answer 27

carbaminohemogolbin

Question 28

in RBC how much CO2 binds to hemoglobin

Answer 28

23%

Question 29

in RBC how much CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions and goes into the plasma

Answer 29

70%

Question 30

steps of the first mechanism to remove free H+ and CHCO3

Answer 30

1. bicarbonate leaves RBC on anitport protein 2. chloride shift - HCO3 for Cl- 3. ( the anion exchange keeps the cells electrical neutrality) 4. transfer into plasma makes buffer available to moderate pH changes

Question 31

what is the most important extracellular buffer in the body

Answer 31

biocarbonate

Question 32

steps of the 2nd mechanism to act as intracellular buffer to maintain pH

Answer 32

1. removes free from the red blood cell cytoplasm

Question 33

If blood is elevated much above normal, the hemoglobin buffer cannot soak up all the produced from the reaction of and water. In those cases, excess accumulates in the plasma, causing the condition known as?

Answer 33

respiratory acidosis