Exam 2 - Chapter 7 Flashcards
_________ : process of getting information into LTM
Encoding
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- Examples: -Repeating information -Developing mnemonics -Practice
Encoding
Encoding:
_________ : repeating information, over-and-over, without considering meaning or connecting to other information
Maintenance rehearsal
Encoding:
_________ : relating information to something meaningful (‘deep processing’)
Elaborative rehearsal
_________ – really thinking about the information
deep processing
_________
-Theory argues that the quality of encoding/recall depends upon how deeply the information is processed
Craik & Lockhart (1972)
Craik & Lockhart (1972)
-Theory argues that the quality of encoding/recall depends upon how _________ the information is processed
deeply
Encoding:
Connecting info to yourself (‘_________ effect’)
self-referential
Encoding:
_________ (making up your own exam questions)
Retrieval practice
_________ : process of transferring info from LTM to WM
Retrieval
Many memory failures are due to _________ issues (‘Blanking’ in the moment)
retrieval
_________ :
Forgetting a co-worker’s name
Forgetting what I need to bring for the day
retrieval issues
_________ : words or other stimuli that help us remember information stored in memory
Retrieval cues
_________-
Returning to the place where we had the original thought
Retrieval cues
_________-
Flood of memories at an ‘old haunt’
Music/smells/tastes triggering memories
Retrieval cues
_________- —provide all the words that you remember
Recall task
Recall task-
Requires _________ search
memory
_________ : encode info, along with the context of the info
Encoding specificity
Encoding specificity: encode info, along with the _________ of the info
context
Encoding Specificity:
Recalling information in an environment similar to where we learned the information influences _________ performance
recall
Encoding Specificity:
Divers showed better learning when their learning & testing _________ matched
environments
Encoding Specificity:
Not just the physical environment—just _________ about the learning environment can show similar effects
thinking
_________ —learning associated with a particular internal state (mood, state of awareness)
State-dependent learning
_________ : process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are more resistant to disruption
Consolidation
Consolidation: process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more _________ state, in which they are more resistant to_________
- permanent
- disruption
_________ —structural changes at the neuronal level (minutes – hours)
Synaptic consolidation
_________ —organization/reorganization of neural circuits (months – years)
Systems consolidation
Systems consolidation—organization/reorganization of neural circuits (_________ )
months – years
Synaptic consolidation—structural changes at the neuronal level (_________ )
minutes – hours
Synaptic Consolidation: LTP -
Repeated activity of a neuron(s) changes _________
connections
Synaptic Consolidation: LTP
Remember, not just one neuron, but many firing for a _________
memory
Synaptic Consolidation: LTP
_________ : enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Synaptic Consolidation: LTP
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): enhanced firing of neurons after repeated _________
stimulation
Systems Consolidation:
Standard Model of Consolidation
-Incoming info (sights, sounds, emotions) activates _________ areas
cortical
Systems Consolidation:
_________ areas communicate with the hippocampus—hippocampus coordinates cortical _________
- Cortical
- activity
Systems Consolidation:
Cortical areas communicate with the _________ - _________ coordinates cortical activity
-hippocampus
—hippocampus
Systems Consolidation:
_________ —later, the hippocampus replays this activity, which forms cortical connections
Reactivation
Systems Consolidation:
Reactivation—later, the hippocampus replays this activity, which forms _________ connections
cortical
Systems Consolidation:
Over time, cortical activations ‘connected’ without the _________
hippocampus
While consolidation starts at _________ formation, it is thought to be especially strong during sleep
memory
While consolidation starts at memory formation, it is thought to be especially strong during _________
sleep
Expecting to be tested improves this
_________ —knowledge of how a
memory will be used affects
consolidation
consolidation
_________ changes— _________ changes (new home, closed streets, stores/classes moving)
- Life
- memory
_________ : process of a memory becoming fragile when it is retrieved, so that is can be _________
- Reconsolidation
- revised/updated
Support for Reconsolidation: _________
PTSD
Support for Reconsolidation: PTSD
- _________ —drug that blocks stress hormone release in the amygdala
Propranolol
Support for Reconsolidation: PTSD
-Propranolol—drug that blocks stress hormone release in the _________
amygdala
