Exam 2 - Chapter 4 p.2 Flashcards
_________ : attending to one thing while ignoring others
Selective attention
_________: one stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus
Distraction
Distraction: one stimulus interfering with the _________ of another stimulus
processing
Selective attention: attending to one thing while _________ others
ignoring
_________ : attending to more than one thing at a time
Divided attention
_________ : rapid shifting of attention (e.g., loud noise, hearing name, something of interest)
Attentional capture
Attentional capture: rapid shifting of attention (e.g., loud _________, hearing _________, something of interest)
- noise
- name
The construct of attention—no agreed _________, but we all know what it is and there are numerous ways to group it and _________ it
- definition
- measure
_________ – we know what it is but generally cannot agree upon what it is – Happiness, Love, etc.
Construct
_________ : refers to the skill through which one focuses on one input or one task while ignoring other stimuli
Selective Attention
Selective Attention: refers to the skill through which one focuses on one _________ or one task while ignoring other _________
- input
- stimuli
Selective Attention-
_________- definition
“Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalisation, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. It implies a withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.”
William James
Selective Attention-
-William James definition
“Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking _________ of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of _________. Focalisation, concentration, of _________ are of its essence. It implies a withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.”
- possession
- thought
- consciousness
_________ -
-Early method to measure selective attention
Dichotic Listening: Task
_________ -Participants wear headphones and hear different speech signals in the left & right ears
Dichotic Listening: Task
Dichotic Listening: Task
-Participants wear headphones and hear different _________ signals in the left & right ears
-speech
Dichotic Listening:
_________ vs. _________ channels
- Attended
- unattended
Dichotic Listening:
-Shadowing the _________ channel is pretty good
attended
Dichotic Listening:
Participants can rarely recall or recognize what was presented in the _________
unattended channel
Dichotic Listening:
Didn’t realize Czech words presented in _________ channel
unattended
Dichotic Listening:
Unless, the information is _________ relevant:
-Cocktail party effect: participants hear their own name or personally relevant words in the _________ channel, or topic of personal interest
- personally
- unattended
Dichotic Listening:
Unless, the information is personally relevant:
_________ : participants hear their own name or personally relevant words in the unattended channel, or topic of personal interest
-Cocktail party effect
Dichotic Listening:
Suggests that information doesn’t get through, unless it is _________ important
personally
Older theory: _________
Attentional resources are limited, some info. must be ‘lost’
bottleneck theories
bottleneck theories:
Attentional resources are limited, some info. must be _________
‘lost’
Newer theories: _________
- Selected information gets through, while irrelevant information does not
- ‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is attenuated to what you are supposed to attend to
filter theories
Newer theories: filter theories
- Selected information gets through, while _________ information does not
- ‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is _________ to what you are supposed to attend to
- irrelevant
- attenuated
_________
- Selected information gets through, while irrelevant information does not
- ‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is attenuated to what you are supposed to attend to
filter theories
_________ : effort to split your attention between multiple tasks or inputs at the same time
Divided attention
Divided attention: effort to split your attention between _________ tasks or inputs at the _________ time
- multiple
- same
_________ : Attending to multiple things at one time
Divided attention
_________ : amount of information people can handle and the limits on their ability to process incoming information
Processing capacity
Processing capacity: amount of information people can handle and the limits on their ability to _________ incoming information
process
_________ : the difficulty of the task
Attentional load
Attentional load: the difficulty of the task
_________ load (e.g., checking Facebook® while talking)
Low
Attentional load: the difficulty of the task
_________ load (e.g., playing a musical instrument while talking)
High
_________ – what your cognitive budget is (we have what we have, there is no room for more)
Processing capacity
Processing capacity – what your cognitive budget is (we have what we have, there is no room for _________)
more
_________-
-Load theory of resource attention—there is a finite (limited) set of attentional resources (‘cognitive budget’)
Dual Tasking
Dual Tasking
-Load theory of resource attention—there is a finite (_________) set of attentional resources (_________ )
- limited
- ‘cognitive budget’
-Specificity of Resources-
Successfully dividing attention is more likely if both tasks pull from _________ resources
Examples: driving while listening to a lecture vs. _________ while listening to a lecture
- different
- reading
_________ – What type of requirements and how difficult
Specificity of Resources
Specificity of Resources -
Listening to lecture and writing an email pull from the same resource; _________
language processing
Numerous studies show that talking on a cellphone (even ‘hands-free’) _________ driving
impairs
Conversations with passengers, do little to impair driving
Why?
Passengers can pick up cues that the situation is dangerous and adjust the _________ accordingly—cannot be done on a _________ conversation
- conversation
- cellphone
_________ : mechanism that sets goals, priorities, chooses strategies, controls behavior and, basically, oversees/directs cognitive processes
Executive control
Executive control: mechanism that sets goals, priorities, chooses strategies, controls _________ and, basically, oversees/directs _________ processes
- behavior
- cognitive
With practice, a task requires fewer _________ resources OR less frequent use of those resources
cognitive
_________ -
Point at which a behavior becomes automatic (‘instinctual’)—no longer have to think about it
Automaticity
Automaticity-
Point at which a behavior becomes automatic (_________ )—no longer have to think about it
‘instinctual’
Automaticity-
_________ : new tasks that vary in their demands
Controlled tasks
Automaticity-
_________ : familiar tasks that require few, if any, cognitive resources
Automatic tasks
Automaticity = _________
practice
_________ :
word doesn’t match the color example
Stroop Effect
_________ – the word “Black” written in “Green” ink; takes longer to process
Stroop effect
Stroop effect – the word “Black” written in “Green” ink; takes longer to _________
process
_________ :
- Overt attention
- Covert attention:
Spatial Attention
_________ attention: shifting attention from one place to another
Overt
_________ attention: shifting attention while keeping your eyes stationary
Covert
_________ attention: they tell you to stare at one specific place
Overt
_________ attention: Things were not directly paying attention to; they’re outside in our periphery, but we can still pay attention to them
Covert
Covert attention: Things were not directly paying attention to; they’re outside in our _________, but we can still pay attention to them
-periphery
_________ attention: Looking at someone/something you’re interested in without looking/facing them directly
Covert
_________ : quick & accurate shifting of both eyes between targets
Saccades
_________ : eye stopping on a target
Fixation
Saccades – eye _________ , eyes move around the _________/environment
- movement
- screen
_________ : the physical properties of a stimulus (e.g., color, contrasts, movements)
Stimulus salience
Stimulus salience: the physical properties of a stimulus (e.g., _________ , contrasts, _________ )
- color
- movements
Stimulus salience:
Think about looking for a friend in a crowd—what do you do?
_________ processing—look for a salient feature to help you identify him/her (yellow hat)
Bottom-up
_________ – Color, orientation, different types of movement
-Steelers jersey in a crowd full of lions jerseys
Stimulus salience
_________ –
-Steelers jersey in a crowd full of lions jerseys
Stimulus salience
For the most part, neurons do not respond to _________. Instead, they respond to particular, small _________ (e.g., horizontal lines, angled lines, circles, blue shapes, red shapes)
- objects
- features
_________ : an interesting/important part or quality of a visual object
Feature
_________ : nose/eyes of a particular size/shape
Feature
-Faces are processed _________ (not by their individual features)
holistically
-Correlation does not mean _________
causation
_________ : process in which features (e.g., shape, line orientation, color, motion, location) are combined to create a coherent object
Binding
Binding: process in which features (e.g., shape, line orientation, color, motion, location) are combined to create a _________ object
-coherent
Object > _________ > Focused attention > _________
- Preattentive
- Perception
_________ > Preattentive > _________ > Perception
- Object
- Focused attention
Pop out effect – doesn’t require attention; it is in the _________ stage
pre-attentive
_________ stage – Analyze into features
Pre-attentive
_________ stage – Combine features
Focused attention
_________ : ability to focus on a particular position in space and be prepared for a stimulus to appear in that location
Spatial attention
Spatial attention: ability to focus on a particular position in space and be prepared for a stimulus to _________ in that location
appear
Spatial cueing of attention (_________)
Posner cueing task
_________ -
In some cases, people can ‘miss’ changes to an object even though they are aware that there are changes
Change Blindness
Change Blindness
-In some cases, people can ‘miss’ changes to an object even though they are _________ that there are changes
aware
Difference inattentional and change blindness – difference is we are aware in _________
change blindness
