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Cognitive Psychology 317 > Exam 2 - Chapter 4 p.2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 4 p.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

_________ : attending to one thing while ignoring others

A

Selective attention

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2
Q

_________: one stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus

A

Distraction

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3
Q

Distraction: one stimulus interfering with the _________ of another stimulus

A

processing

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4
Q

Selective attention: attending to one thing while _________ others

A

ignoring

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5
Q

_________ : attending to more than one thing at a time

A

Divided attention

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6
Q

_________ : rapid shifting of attention (e.g., loud noise, hearing name, something of interest)

A

Attentional capture

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7
Q

Attentional capture: rapid shifting of attention (e.g., loud _________, hearing _________, something of interest)

A
  • noise

- name

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8
Q

The construct of attention—no agreed _________, but we all know what it is and there are numerous ways to group it and _________ it

A
  • definition

- measure

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9
Q

_________ – we know what it is but generally cannot agree upon what it is – Happiness, Love, etc.

A

Construct

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10
Q

_________ : refers to the skill through which one focuses on one input or one task while ignoring other stimuli

A

Selective Attention

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11
Q

Selective Attention: refers to the skill through which one focuses on one _________ or one task while ignoring other _________

A
  • input

- stimuli

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12
Q

Selective Attention-
_________- definition
“Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalisation, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. It implies a withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.”

A

William James

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13
Q

Selective Attention-
-William James definition
“Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking _________ of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of _________. Focalisation, concentration, of _________ are of its essence. It implies a withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.”

A
  • possession
  • thought
  • consciousness
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14
Q

_________ -

-Early method to measure selective attention

A

Dichotic Listening: Task

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15
Q

_________ -Participants wear headphones and hear different speech signals in the left & right ears

A

Dichotic Listening: Task

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16
Q

Dichotic Listening: Task

-Participants wear headphones and hear different _________ signals in the left & right ears

A

-speech

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17
Q

Dichotic Listening:

_________ vs. _________ channels

A
  • Attended

- unattended

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18
Q

Dichotic Listening:

-Shadowing the _________ channel is pretty good

A

attended

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19
Q

Dichotic Listening:

Participants can rarely recall or recognize what was presented in the _________

A

unattended channel

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20
Q

Dichotic Listening:

Didn’t realize Czech words presented in _________ channel

A

unattended

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21
Q

Dichotic Listening:
Unless, the information is _________ relevant:
-Cocktail party effect: participants hear their own name or personally relevant words in the _________ channel, or topic of personal interest

A
  • personally

- unattended

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22
Q

Dichotic Listening:
Unless, the information is personally relevant:
_________ : participants hear their own name or personally relevant words in the unattended channel, or topic of personal interest

A

-Cocktail party effect

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23
Q

Dichotic Listening:

Suggests that information doesn’t get through, unless it is _________ important

A

personally

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24
Q

Older theory: _________

Attentional resources are limited, some info. must be ‘lost’

A

bottleneck theories

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25
Q

bottleneck theories:

Attentional resources are limited, some info. must be _________

A

‘lost’

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26
Q

Newer theories: _________

  • Selected information gets through, while irrelevant information does not
  • ‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is attenuated to what you are supposed to attend to
A

filter theories

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27
Q

Newer theories: filter theories

  • Selected information gets through, while _________ information does not
  • ‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is _________ to what you are supposed to attend to
A
  • irrelevant

- attenuated

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28
Q

_________

  • Selected information gets through, while irrelevant information does not
  • ‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is attenuated to what you are supposed to attend to
A

filter theories

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29
Q

_________ : effort to split your attention between multiple tasks or inputs at the same time

A

Divided attention

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30
Q

Divided attention: effort to split your attention between _________ tasks or inputs at the _________ time

A
  • multiple

- same

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31
Q

_________ : Attending to multiple things at one time

A

Divided attention

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32
Q

_________ : amount of information people can handle and the limits on their ability to process incoming information

A

Processing capacity

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33
Q

Processing capacity: amount of information people can handle and the limits on their ability to _________ incoming information

A

process

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34
Q

_________ : the difficulty of the task

A

Attentional load

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35
Q

Attentional load: the difficulty of the task

_________ load (e.g., checking Facebook® while talking)

A

Low

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36
Q

Attentional load: the difficulty of the task

_________ load (e.g., playing a musical instrument while talking)

A

High

37
Q

_________ – what your cognitive budget is (we have what we have, there is no room for more)

A

Processing capacity

38
Q

Processing capacity – what your cognitive budget is (we have what we have, there is no room for _________)

A

more

39
Q

_________-

-Load theory of resource attention—there is a finite (limited) set of attentional resources (‘cognitive budget’)

A

Dual Tasking

40
Q

Dual Tasking

-Load theory of resource attention—there is a finite (_________) set of attentional resources (_________ )

A
  • limited

- ‘cognitive budget’

41
Q

-Specificity of Resources-

Successfully dividing attention is more likely if both tasks pull from _________ resources
Examples: driving while listening to a lecture vs. _________ while listening to a lecture

A
  • different

- reading

42
Q

_________ – What type of requirements and how difficult

A

Specificity of Resources

43
Q

Specificity of Resources -

Listening to lecture and writing an email pull from the same resource; _________

A

language processing

44
Q

Numerous studies show that talking on a cellphone (even ‘hands-free’) _________ driving

A

impairs

45
Q

Conversations with passengers, do little to impair driving
Why?
Passengers can pick up cues that the situation is dangerous and adjust the _________ accordingly—cannot be done on a _________ conversation

A
  • conversation

- cellphone

46
Q

_________ : mechanism that sets goals, priorities, chooses strategies, controls behavior and, basically, oversees/directs cognitive processes

A

Executive control

47
Q

Executive control: mechanism that sets goals, priorities, chooses strategies, controls _________ and, basically, oversees/directs _________ processes

A
  • behavior

- cognitive

48
Q

With practice, a task requires fewer _________ resources OR less frequent use of those resources

A

cognitive

49
Q

_________ -

Point at which a behavior becomes automatic (‘instinctual’)—no longer have to think about it

A

Automaticity

50
Q

Automaticity-

Point at which a behavior becomes automatic (_________ )—no longer have to think about it

A

‘instinctual’

51
Q

Automaticity-

_________ : new tasks that vary in their demands

A

Controlled tasks

52
Q

Automaticity-

_________ : familiar tasks that require few, if any, cognitive resources

A

Automatic tasks

53
Q

Automaticity = _________

A

practice

54
Q

_________ :

word doesn’t match the color example

A

Stroop Effect

55
Q

_________ – the word “Black” written in “Green” ink; takes longer to process

A

Stroop effect

56
Q

Stroop effect – the word “Black” written in “Green” ink; takes longer to _________

A

process

57
Q

_________ :

  • Overt attention
  • Covert attention:
A

Spatial Attention

58
Q

_________ attention: shifting attention from one place to another

A

Overt

59
Q

_________ attention: shifting attention while keeping your eyes stationary

A

Covert

60
Q

_________ attention: they tell you to stare at one specific place

A

Overt

61
Q

_________ attention: Things were not directly paying attention to; they’re outside in our periphery, but we can still pay attention to them

A

Covert

62
Q

Covert attention: Things were not directly paying attention to; they’re outside in our _________, but we can still pay attention to them

A

-periphery

63
Q

_________ attention: Looking at someone/something you’re interested in without looking/facing them directly

A

Covert

64
Q

_________ : quick & accurate shifting of both eyes between targets

A

Saccades

65
Q

_________ : eye stopping on a target

A

Fixation

66
Q

Saccades – eye _________ , eyes move around the _________/environment

A
  • movement

- screen

67
Q

_________ : the physical properties of a stimulus (e.g., color, contrasts, movements)

A

Stimulus salience

68
Q

Stimulus salience: the physical properties of a stimulus (e.g., _________ , contrasts, _________ )

A
  • color

- movements

69
Q

Stimulus salience:
Think about looking for a friend in a crowd—what do you do?
_________ processing—look for a salient feature to help you identify him/her (yellow hat)

A

Bottom-up

70
Q

_________ – Color, orientation, different types of movement

-Steelers jersey in a crowd full of lions jerseys

A

Stimulus salience

71
Q

_________ –

-Steelers jersey in a crowd full of lions jerseys

A

Stimulus salience

72
Q

For the most part, neurons do not respond to _________. Instead, they respond to particular, small _________ (e.g., horizontal lines, angled lines, circles, blue shapes, red shapes)

A
  • objects

- features

73
Q

_________ : an interesting/important part or quality of a visual object

A

Feature

74
Q

_________ : nose/eyes of a particular size/shape

A

Feature

75
Q

-Faces are processed _________ (not by their individual features)

A

holistically

76
Q

-Correlation does not mean _________

A

causation

77
Q

_________ : process in which features (e.g., shape, line orientation, color, motion, location) are combined to create a coherent object

A

Binding

78
Q

Binding: process in which features (e.g., shape, line orientation, color, motion, location) are combined to create a _________ object

A

-coherent

79
Q

Object > _________ > Focused attention > _________

A
  • Preattentive

- Perception

80
Q

_________ > Preattentive > _________ > Perception

A
  • Object

- Focused attention

81
Q

Pop out effect – doesn’t require attention; it is in the _________ stage

A

pre-attentive

82
Q

_________ stage – Analyze into features

A

Pre-attentive

83
Q

_________ stage – Combine features

A

Focused attention

84
Q

_________ : ability to focus on a particular position in space and be prepared for a stimulus to appear in that location

A

Spatial attention

85
Q

Spatial attention: ability to focus on a particular position in space and be prepared for a stimulus to _________ in that location

A

appear

86
Q

Spatial cueing of attention (_________)

A

Posner cueing task

87
Q

_________ -

In some cases, people can ‘miss’ changes to an object even though they are aware that there are changes

A

Change Blindness

88
Q

Change Blindness

-In some cases, people can ‘miss’ changes to an object even though they are _________ that there are changes

A

aware

89
Q

Difference inattentional and change blindness – difference is we are aware in _________

A

change blindness

Cognitive Psychology 317 (12 decks)

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