Exam 2 - Chapter 11 Flashcards
_________ : a system of communication, using sounds or symbols, that enables us to express our thoughts, feelings, ideas and experiences
Language
Language: a system of communication, using sounds or symbols, that enables us to express our _________ , feelings, ideas and _________
- thoughts
- experiences
Human Language:
-Goes far beyond _________ with a single message
signals
Human Language:
String together & arranges _________
symbols
Structure of language -
_________ —small units can be combined to form larger units
Hierarchical
Structure of language -
_________ —units are combined in particular ways
Rule governed
Human Language:
_________ —occurs whenever there are people
Universal
Every known culture has a language with strict _________
People learn/implement these rules without much – -
- rules
- thought
Language learning (initial) is _________ across cultures
similar
Understanding language is critical for understanding _________
cognition
Language use relies on consistent & well-defined _________
patterns
Language is just a series of _________
rules
The Structure of Language:
_________ : coherent sequence of words that express the intended meaning of a speaker
Sentences
The Structure of Language:
_________ : small group of words that forms a conceptual unit
Phrases
The Structure of Language:
- Sentences
- Phrases
- _________
- Morpheme
- Phonemes
Word
The Structure of Language:
_________ : smallest unit of language that have a definable meaning or grammar function
Morpheme
The Structure of Language:
_________ : smallest unit of language (sounds) that change word meaning (/c/at vs /b/ vs /f/)
Phonemes
Languages have very few phonemes—English < ___; Hawaiian = ___
- 50
- 11
Perceiving Sounds and Letters-
McGurk effect— _________ information
visual
Perceiving Sounds and Letters-
Phoneme restoration effect— _________ knowledge
top-down
Perceiving Sounds and Letters-
Speech segmentation—top-down _________
knowledge
_________
Letters easier to identify when presented in a word
Word superiority effect
_________ – how we hear individual words out of a noisy signal
Speech segmentation
Better at discriminating difference between different phonemes than within the same _________
phoneme
_________ : time between when your mouth starts the phoneme and when your vocal cords start to _________
- Voice onset time
- vibrate
_________ : difference between Ba and Pa
Voice onset time
_________ – anything that falls between the ba and pa on second graph
Categorical perception
_________ – what makes something either a Ba or Pa category
Z Curves
___ graph – can guarantee they are native speaker
___ graph – probably second language
- Z
- S
_________ : knowledge of what words mean
Lexicon
_________ —lists of words/frequencies based on public sources (e.g., newspapers, blogs, Facebook posts)
Corpus
_________ : Database of what words we know
Lexicon
_________ – Body of words used
Corpus
Part of what helps us recognize words with ease is _________
prediction
_________ —decide whether a letter string is a word or not (‘Yes’ or ‘No’)
Lexical decision task
_________ : the meaning of words
Semantics
_________ : rules for combining words to form sentences
Syntax
_________ - Producing, expressing, or picking up on language
Aphasias
_________ aphasia—damage to left frontal lobe
Broca’s
_________ aphasia—damage to Wernicke’s area
Wernicke’s
Broca’s aphasia—damage to left frontal lobe
-_________ aphasia (syntax issues)
Non-fluent speech
Broca’s aphasia—damage to left frontal lobe
- Non-fluent speech aphasia (_________ issues)
- Speech is very labored & fragmented
syntax
Wernicke’s aphasia—
- _________ aphasia (semantic issues)
Smooth production/Fluent
Wernicke’s aphasia—
“_________”—“Sadness cups coffee printer power outage.”
-Word salad
_________ aphasia – problems with syntax
Broca’s
Broca’s aphasia –
– problems putting words _________
-Non-fluent _________ aphasia
- together
- speech
Wernicke’s aphasia – Issues with the _________
semantics
_________ – Peoples language dictates how they think about things
Whorf Hypothesis
Whorf Hypothesis
-Peoples thinking can be affected by the language that they _________
use
