Exam 1 - Chapter 4 Flashcards
_________ : attending to one thing while ignoring others
Selective attention
Selective attention: attending to one thing while _________ others
ignoring
Selective attention:
_________ : one stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus
Distraction
_________ : attending to more than one thing at a time
Divided attention
_________ : rapid shifting of attention (e.g., loud noise, hearing name, something of interest)
Attentional capture
Attentional capture: rapid shifting of attention (e.g., loud noise, hearing _________, something of _________)
- name
- interest
**Notice there are some attentional properties that overlap/lead to different results—attention is _________ **
complex
The construct of attention—no agreed definition, but we all know what it is and there are _________ ways to group it and measure it
numerous
_________ – we know what it is but generally cannot agree upon what it is – Happiness, Love, etc.
Construct
_________ :
-refers to the skill through which one focuses on one input or one task while ignoring other stimuli
Selective Attention
Selective Attention
-refers to the skill through which one focuses on one input or one task while _________ other stimuli
ignoring
Selective Attention
_________ definition
“Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalisation, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. It implies a withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.”
William James
_________ :
Early method to measure selective attention
—Dichotic Listening
Dichotic Listening: Task
Participants wear headphones and hear different _________ signals in the left & right ears
speech
Dichotic Listening: Task
Participants wear headphones and hear different speech signals in the left & right ears
-Attended vs. _________ channels
unattended
_________ -
IN CLASS EXERCISE—3 brave souls and 2 books?
Dichotic Listening:
Dichotic Listening:
Shadowing the _________ channel is pretty good
attended
Dichotic Listening:
Participants can rarely recall or recognize what was presented in the _________ channel
unattended
Didn’t realize Czech words presented in _________ channel
unattended
Unless, the information is personally relevant
_________ : participants hear their own name or personally relevant words in the unattended channel, or topic of personal interest
Cocktail party effect
Unless, the information is personally relevant
Cocktail party effect: participants hear their own name or _________ relevant words in the _________ channel, or topic of personal interest
- personally
- unattended
Cocktail party effect:
Suggests that information doesn’t get through, unless it is personally _________
important
Older theory: bottleneck theories
Attentional resources are limited, some info. must be ‘_________’
lost
Newer theories: filter theories
Selected information gets through, while _________ information does not
irrelevant
Newer theories: filter theories
‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is _________ to what you are supposed to attend to
attenuated
_________ —stimuli receives little consideration (if at all) at the perceptual level
Early selection filtering
Early selection filtering—stimuli receives little consideration (if at all) at the _________ level
perceptual
_________ filtering—
Example: Selective furnishing from free stuff for your new place
Early selection
_________ —all stimuli is perceived, but ‘weeded’ out somewhere higher into cognitive processing
Late selection filtering
Late selection filtering—all stimuli is perceived, but ‘weeded’ out somewhere _________ into cognitive processing
higher
_________ filtering—
Example: Take all the free stuff and get rid of stuff later
Late selection
_________ Associations - damage to one area, affects one area
Single
_________ associations - two areas of the brain with two independent roles - independent systems
Double
Subcortical structures -
_________ - forming new memories
hippocampus
Subcortical structures -
_________ - motor control
basal ganglia
Subcortical structures -
_________ - sensory relay station
thalamus
Subcortical structures -
_________ - emotion regulation
amygdala
EEG -
Benefits: faster _________ time (temporal sensitivity)
Downside: Not very _________ , can only look at cortex - not _________ into brain
- response
- specific
- deep
_________ - Benefits: looks deep into brain (structure and function), great _________ resolution
- FMRI
- spatial
_________ - Alter electrical activity in brain
TMS
_________ - measure of space in between peeks of Signal Detection Theory curves
–a measure of sensitivity
d prime
d prime - measure of space in between peeks of Signal Detection Theory curves
–a measure of _________
sensitivity
_________ - same as d prime but on a more manageable/understandable scale
a prime
a prime - same as d prime but on a more _________ scale
manageable/understandable
(_________ of yes/no = .5/50%)
a prime
_________ - where you decide to say when something is noise vs the voice you want to hear
Bias
Bias - where you decide to say when something is _________ vs the voice you _________ to hear
- noise
- want
_________ -
– how willing you are to make a hit vs. a false alarm
Bias
-Hit rate and false alarm rate are not _________ on each other - they are _________ of each other
- dependent
- independent
