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Cognitive Psychology 317 > Exam 1 - Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ : the study of the physiological bases of cognition

A

Cognitive neuroscience

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2
Q

Cognitive neuroscience: the study of the _________ bases of cognition

A

physiological

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3
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience: _________ the physiological basis of cognition

A

Understanding

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4
Q

_________ —all problems can be studied a number of different ways; each approach offers it own unique identification

A

Marr’s levels of analysis

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5
Q

Marr’s levels of analysis—all problems can be studied a number of different ways; each approach offers it own unique _________

A

identification

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6
Q

If a particular _________ is reached in the cell body, an electrical signal is transmitted down the _________

A
  • threshold

- axon

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7
Q

Action Potentials & Measurement

We can measure this electrical signal in a single _________

A

neuron

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8
Q

-Properties of the Electrical Signal-

Same voltage along the axon (signal does NOT _________ )

A

degrade

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9
Q

-Properties of the Electrical Signal-

Signal is always the _________ , regardless of intensity

A

same size

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10
Q

-Properties of the Electrical Signal-

Signal is always the same size, regardless of intensity

However, the neuron fires more frequently for _________ signals

A

intense

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11
Q

-Properties of the Electrical Signal-

Signal is always the same size, regardless of intensity

-Not the degree of size to which they fire, but how _________ they fire increases

A

often

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12
Q

_________ -: small gap between neurons

A

Synapse

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13
Q

_________ : chemicals sent across the synaptic gap

A

Neurotransmitters

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14
Q

Neural Response-

Excitatory (+) transmitters cause _________

A

depolarization

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15
Q

Neural Response-

Excitatory (+) transmitters cause depolarization

  • Neuron becomes more _________
  • _________ the likelihood of an action potential
A
  • positive

- Increases

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16
Q

Neural Response-

_________ transmitters cause depolarization

  • _________ becomes more positive
  • Increases the likelihood of an _________-
A
  • Excitatory (+)
  • Neuron
  • action potential
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17
Q

Neural Response-

Inhibitory (-) transmitters cause _________

A

hyperpolarization

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18
Q

Neural Response-

Inhibitory (-) transmitters cause hyperpolarization

  • Neuron becomes more _________
  • _________ the likelihood of an action potential
A
  • negative

- Decreases

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19
Q

Neural Response-

_________ transmitters cause hyperpolarization

  • Neuron becomes more negative
  • Decreases the _________ of an action potential
A
  • Inhibitory (-)

- likelihood

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20
Q

-Principle of Neural Representation-

Representation of the ‘real world’

We do not perceive the world _________, instead the outside world needs to be transformed (transduced) to a signal that can be used by the _________

A
  • directly

- brain

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21
Q

-Principle of Neural Representation-

Representation of the ‘real world’

We do not perceive the world directly, instead the _________ world needs to be transformed (_________) to a signal that can be used by the brain

A
  • outside

- transduced

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22
Q

-Principle of Neural Representation-

_________ – taking energy from one energy for to another energy form

A

Transduction

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23
Q

-Principle of Neural Representation-

Transduction– taking energy from one energy for to another _________

A

energy form

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24
Q

-Principle of Neural Representation-

Rods and cones are turning the light coming in, into an _________ signal coming into the brain

A

electrical

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25
Q

-Single Neuron Representation -

_________: neurons that respond to specific stimulus features (e.g., orientation, movement, length)

A

Feature detectors

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26
Q

-Single Neuron Representation -

Feature detectors: neurons that respond to specific _________ features (e.g., _________, movement, length)

A
  • stimulus

- orientation

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27
Q

-Single Neuron Representation -

Feature detectors-

_________ : respond to size, orientation, movement direction

A

Simple detectors

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28
Q

-Single Neuron Representation -

Feature detectors-

_________ : respond to more complex shapes

A

Complex detectors

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29
Q

-Single Neuron Representation -

Feature detectors-

Simple detectors: respond to size, _________, movement _________

A
  • orientation

- direction

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30
Q

-Single Neuron Representation -

Feature detectors-

Complex detectors: respond to more _________ shapes

A

complex

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31
Q

_________ detectors - detect information about our environment such as size, orientation, movement direction (essential elements)

A

-Simple

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32
Q

Simple detectors - detect simple information about our environment such as size, orientation, movement direction (_________ elements)

A

essential

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33
Q

_________ detectors – look at combinations of things ex; length and width

A

Complex

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34
Q

Complex detectors – look at combinations of things ex; _________

A

length and width

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35
Q

_________ 
-

Specificity coding—a neuron only fires for a specific stimuli (e.g., Dr. H cell)

A

-Multiple Neuron Representation

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36
Q

-Multiple Neuron Representation
-

_________ —a neuron only fires for a specific stimuli (e.g., Dr. H cell)

A

Specificity coding

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37
Q

-Multiple Neuron Representation
-

Specificity coding—a neuron only fires for a _________ stimuli (e.g., Dr. H cell)

A

specific

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38
Q

-Multiple Neuron Representation
-

_________ -

“Grandmother Cell” Hypothesis”

A

Specificity coding

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39
Q

_________ – One individual cell for each thing, person, place

A

Specificity coding

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40
Q

Specificity coding – One individual cell for each _________, person, _________

A
  • thing

- place

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41
Q

Problems with Specificity coding :

  • Would need tons of _________ to categorize all things we know
  • If a cell dies, that thing related to that cell would _________
A
  • cells

- disappear

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42
Q

Problems with Specificity coding :

  • Would need tons of cells to _________ all things we know
  • If a cell _________ , that thing related to that cell would disappear
A
  • categorize

- dies

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43
Q

_________—pattern of firing across many neurons codes specific objects (e.g., Dr. H pattern)

A

Population coding

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44
Q

Population coding—pattern of firing across _________ neurons codes specific _________ (e.g., Dr. H pattern)

A
  • many

- objects

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45
Q

_________ - Particular pattern of cells or neural firing for each person/thing we see

A

Population coding

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46
Q

Population coding - Particular pattern of cells or neural firing for each _________ we see

A

person/thing

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47
Q

_________ —similar to population coding, except only a few cells are responding

A

Sparse coding

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48
Q

Sparse coding—similar to population coding, except only a _________ cells are responding

A

few

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49
Q

_________ -

‘Middle ground’ between
specificity & population coding

A

Sparse coding

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50
Q

Sparse coding – Mix between specificity and population coding – Not just one cell, not a ton of cells, but a few cells with _________ particular cell always firing along with a few others for a _________ thing

A
  • one

- specific

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51
Q

_________-

Controls basic life functions (e.g., heartbeat, breathing), posture, balance

A

Hindbrain

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52
Q

Hindbrain -

Controls basic life functions (e.g., _________ , breathing), _________, balance

A
  • heartbeat

- posture

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53
Q

_________ —previously thought to just control movement, but were finding that it also plays a role in cognition

A

Cerebellum

54
Q

Cerebellum—previously thought to just control movement, but were finding that it also plays a role in _________

55
Q

_________- Controls fine motor movement, sensory message relay, pain

56
Q

Midbrain- Controls fine motor movement, _________ , pain

A

sensory message relay

57
Q

_________- Cortex deals with the ‘complicated stuff’—deep cognitive processes

58
Q

Forebrain - Cortex deals with the ‘complicated stuff’—deep _________ processes

59
Q

_________ :
Basal ganglia – initiate movement, making movement smooth
Thalamus – Sensory relay center

60
Q

Midbrain:
_________ – initiate movement, making movement smooth
Thalamus – Sensory relay center

A

Basal ganglia

61
Q

Midbrain:
Basal ganglia – initiate movement, making movement smooth
_________ – Sensory relay center

62
Q

_________ :

Frontal lobes, Cortex

63
Q

Hemispheres connected by the _________

A

corpus callosum

64
Q

Left hemisphere controls _________ body side and vice-versa

65
Q

_________ : the study of behavior with brain damage

A

Neuropsychology

66
Q

_________ : specific cognitive functions served by specific brain areas

A

Localization of function

67
Q

Localization of function: specific cognitive functions served by specific _________

A

brain areas

68
Q

_________ : area responsible for producing language (‘telegraphic speech’)

A

Broca’s area

69
Q

Broca’s area: area responsible for _________ language (‘telegraphic speech’)

70
Q

_________ : area responsible for comprehending language (‘word salad’)

A

Wernicke’s area

71
Q

Wernicke’s area: area responsible for _________ language (‘word salad’)

A

comprehending

72
Q

_________ – emotion regulation / related to anger

73
Q

-HM – removed _________ – couldn’t form new memories – anterograde amnesia

74
Q

-HM – removed amygdala – couldn’t form new memories – _________ amnesia

A

anterograde

75
Q

_________ – assumes that any given behavior is localized into one area of the brain – the idea that one area of the brain is responsible for one specific function

A

-Localization of function

76
Q

-Localization of function – assumes that any given behavior is localized into one area of the brain – the idea that one area of the brain is responsible for _________ function

A

one specific

77
Q

_________ – simple direct speech to get message across in the simplest way

A

Telegraphic speech

78
Q

Broca’s area: area responsible for producing language (‘_________ ’)

A

telegraphic speech

79
Q

Wernicke’s area: area responsible for comprehending language (‘_________ ’)

A

word salad

80
Q

Double-dissociations are the ‘_________ ’ in neuropsychology

A

gold standard

81
Q

Researchers want to show that one brain area is solely (_________ ) responsible for a single _________

A
  • independently

- function

82
Q

_________ : damage to brain Area 1 results in Function A being disrupted, but Function B is intact.

A

Single-dissociation

83
Q

Single-dissociation: damage to brain Area 1 results in Function A being _________, but Function B is _________ .

A
  • disrupted

- intact

84
Q

_________ : need to find that damage to Area 2 leaves Function A intact, but Function B is disrupted.

A

Double-dissociation

85
Q

Double-dissociation: need to find that damage to Area 2 leaves Function A _________, but Function B is _________ .

A
  • intact

- disrupted

86
Q

_________ – is a way to double check specific areas responsible for specific behaviors by looking at two different areas rather than just one

A

Double-dissociation

87
Q

Double-dissociation – is a way to double check specific areas responsible for specific behaviors by looking at _________ different areas rather than _________

A
  • two

- just one

88
Q

Brocas and Wernickes - good examples of _________

A

double dissociation

89
Q

Brain Imaging-

  • Person lays in a scanner and multiple images (_________ ) are taken from the brain
  • These slices are ordered by for a _________ brain image
A
  • slices

- 3-D

90
Q

_________ -

High-resolution, structural images of the brain

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

91
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -

High-resolution, _________ images of the brain

A

structural

92
Q

_________ -

Measures the reaction of hydrogen atoms after being activated by a magnet

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -

93
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -

Measures the reaction of _________ atoms after being activated by a _________

A
  • hydrogen

- magnet

94
Q

_________ -

Provides functional images of brain activity

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

95
Q

_________ -

A radio-labeled tracer is administered prior to the scan

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

96
Q

_________ -

Scan represents levels of radioactivity in various parts of a horizontal brain slice

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

97
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-

Scan represents levels of radioactivity in various parts of a _________ brain slice

A

horizontal

98
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-

‘Hot’ colors represent _________ brain activity

99
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-

‘Cool’ colors represent_________ brain activity

100
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) = _________ image

A

Functional

101
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) =

-Uses radioactive substance that is injected into _________

102
Q

_________ -

Provides images of brain structure & function

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI)

103
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI) -

Provides images of brain _________

A

structure & function

104
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI) -

Like MRI, it uses a strong _________ field

105
Q

_________ -

Measures an increase in oxygen flow to active brain areas

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI)

106
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI) -

Measures an increase in oxygen flow to _________ brain areas

107
Q

_________ -

BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent ) signal

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI)

108
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI) -

BOLD (blood _________ level _________ ) signal

A
  • oxygen

- dependent

109
Q

_________ – structural part is byproduct (not structural, purely functional)

A

Functional measure

110
Q

Functional measure – structural part is _________ (not structural, purely _________)

A
  • byproduct

- functional

111
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI) -

-measuring _________ blood

A

oxygenated

112
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI) -

Benefits:

  • No _________
  • Structure & function
  • Better _________ resolution than PET
  • Can be used to image the _________ brain
A
  • injections
  • spatial
  • whole
113
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI) -

Cons:

  • Poor _________ resolution
  • Not _________ activity
A
  • temporal

- neural

114
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI) -

_________ = response of the blood going to the area being used

A

Hemodynamic response

115
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
(fMRI) -

Hemodynamic response - ___ Second delay in brain _________

A
  • 8

- activation

116
Q

fMRI – measuring _________ rather than neural activity

117
Q

_________-

Measures how water moves through bundles of axons (white matter)

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

118
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)-

Measures how water moves through _________ of axons (_________)

A
  • bundles

- white matter

119
Q

_________ -

NOT a measure of neural activity, but rather a tool to alter neural activity

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

120
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-

NOT a measure of neural activity, but rather a tool to _________ neural activity

121
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-

Applies a brief, strong _________ field that alters neural activity.

122
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-

  • Can either activate or “deactivate” brain _________
  • Observe changes in _________
A
  • structures

- behavior

123
Q

_________ -

  • Can either activate or “deactivate” brain structures
  • Observe changes in behavior
A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

124
Q

_________ -

Limited to cortical regions of the brain

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

125
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-

Limited to _________ regions of the brain

126
Q

_________ processing: steps of a task carried out one at a time

127
Q

Serial processing: steps of a task carried out _________

A

one at a time

128
Q

_________ processing: many different steps of a task going on at the same time (multi-tasking)

129
Q

Parallel processing: many different steps of a task going on at _________

A

the same time (multi-tasking)

130
Q

_________ : groups of neurons or brain structures that are connected together

A

Neural network

Cognitive Psychology 317 (12 decks)

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