Exam 1 - Chapter 2 Flashcards
_________ : the study of the physiological bases of cognition
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience: the study of the _________ bases of cognition
physiological
Cognitive Neuroscience: _________ the physiological basis of cognition
Understanding
_________ —all problems can be studied a number of different ways; each approach offers it own unique identification
Marr’s levels of analysis
Marr’s levels of analysis—all problems can be studied a number of different ways; each approach offers it own unique _________
identification
If a particular _________ is reached in the cell body, an electrical signal is transmitted down the _________
- threshold
- axon
Action Potentials & Measurement
We can measure this electrical signal in a single _________
neuron
-Properties of the Electrical Signal-
Same voltage along the axon (signal does NOT _________ )
degrade
-Properties of the Electrical Signal-
Signal is always the _________ , regardless of intensity
same size
-Properties of the Electrical Signal-
Signal is always the same size, regardless of intensity
However, the neuron fires more frequently for _________ signals
intense
-Properties of the Electrical Signal-
Signal is always the same size, regardless of intensity
-Not the degree of size to which they fire, but how _________ they fire increases
often
_________ -: small gap between neurons
Synapse
_________ : chemicals sent across the synaptic gap
Neurotransmitters
Neural Response-
Excitatory (+) transmitters cause _________
depolarization
Neural Response-
Excitatory (+) transmitters cause depolarization
- Neuron becomes more _________
- _________ the likelihood of an action potential
- positive
- Increases
Neural Response-
_________ transmitters cause depolarization
- _________ becomes more positive
- Increases the likelihood of an _________-
- Excitatory (+)
- Neuron
- action potential
Neural Response-
Inhibitory (-) transmitters cause _________
hyperpolarization
Neural Response-
Inhibitory (-) transmitters cause hyperpolarization
- Neuron becomes more _________
- _________ the likelihood of an action potential
- negative
- Decreases
Neural Response-
_________ transmitters cause hyperpolarization
- Neuron becomes more negative
- Decreases the _________ of an action potential
- Inhibitory (-)
- likelihood
-Principle of Neural Representation-
Representation of the ‘real world’
We do not perceive the world _________, instead the outside world needs to be transformed (transduced) to a signal that can be used by the _________
- directly
- brain
-Principle of Neural Representation-
Representation of the ‘real world’
We do not perceive the world directly, instead the _________ world needs to be transformed (_________) to a signal that can be used by the brain
- outside
- transduced
-Principle of Neural Representation-
_________ – taking energy from one energy for to another energy form
Transduction
-Principle of Neural Representation-
Transduction– taking energy from one energy for to another _________
energy form
-Principle of Neural Representation-
Rods and cones are turning the light coming in, into an _________ signal coming into the brain
electrical
-Single Neuron Representation -
_________: neurons that respond to specific stimulus features (e.g., orientation, movement, length)
Feature detectors
-Single Neuron Representation -
Feature detectors: neurons that respond to specific _________ features (e.g., _________, movement, length)
- stimulus
- orientation
-Single Neuron Representation -
Feature detectors-
_________ : respond to size, orientation, movement direction
Simple detectors
-Single Neuron Representation -
Feature detectors-
_________ : respond to more complex shapes
Complex detectors
-Single Neuron Representation -
Feature detectors-
Simple detectors: respond to size, _________, movement _________
- orientation
- direction
-Single Neuron Representation -
Feature detectors-
Complex detectors: respond to more _________ shapes
complex
_________ detectors - detect information about our environment such as size, orientation, movement direction (essential elements)
-Simple
Simple detectors - detect simple information about our environment such as size, orientation, movement direction (_________ elements)
essential
_________ detectors – look at combinations of things ex; length and width
Complex
Complex detectors – look at combinations of things ex; _________
length and width
_________ -
Specificity coding—a neuron only fires for a specific stimuli (e.g., Dr. H cell)
-Multiple Neuron Representation
-Multiple Neuron Representation -
_________ —a neuron only fires for a specific stimuli (e.g., Dr. H cell)
Specificity coding
-Multiple Neuron Representation -
Specificity coding—a neuron only fires for a _________ stimuli (e.g., Dr. H cell)
specific
-Multiple Neuron Representation -
_________ -
“Grandmother Cell” Hypothesis”
Specificity coding
_________ – One individual cell for each thing, person, place
Specificity coding
Specificity coding – One individual cell for each _________, person, _________
- thing
- place
Problems with Specificity coding :
- Would need tons of _________ to categorize all things we know
- If a cell dies, that thing related to that cell would _________
- cells
- disappear
Problems with Specificity coding :
- Would need tons of cells to _________ all things we know
- If a cell _________ , that thing related to that cell would disappear
- categorize
- dies
_________—pattern of firing across many neurons codes specific objects (e.g., Dr. H pattern)
Population coding
Population coding—pattern of firing across _________ neurons codes specific _________ (e.g., Dr. H pattern)
- many
- objects
_________ - Particular pattern of cells or neural firing for each person/thing we see
Population coding
Population coding - Particular pattern of cells or neural firing for each _________ we see
person/thing
_________ —similar to population coding, except only a few cells are responding
Sparse coding
Sparse coding—similar to population coding, except only a _________ cells are responding
few
_________ -
‘Middle ground’ between specificity & population coding
Sparse coding
Sparse coding – Mix between specificity and population coding – Not just one cell, not a ton of cells, but a few cells with _________ particular cell always firing along with a few others for a _________ thing
- one
- specific
_________-
Controls basic life functions (e.g., heartbeat, breathing), posture, balance
Hindbrain
Hindbrain -
Controls basic life functions (e.g., _________ , breathing), _________, balance
- heartbeat
- posture
_________ —previously thought to just control movement, but were finding that it also plays a role in cognition
Cerebellum
Cerebellum—previously thought to just control movement, but were finding that it also plays a role in _________
cognition
_________- Controls fine motor movement, sensory message relay, pain
Midbrain
Midbrain- Controls fine motor movement, _________ , pain
sensory message relay
_________- Cortex deals with the ‘complicated stuff’—deep cognitive processes
Forebrain
Forebrain - Cortex deals with the ‘complicated stuff’—deep _________ processes
cognitive
_________ :
Basal ganglia – initiate movement, making movement smooth
Thalamus – Sensory relay center
Midbrain
Midbrain:
_________ – initiate movement, making movement smooth
Thalamus – Sensory relay center
Basal ganglia
Midbrain:
Basal ganglia – initiate movement, making movement smooth
_________ – Sensory relay center
Thalamus
_________ :
Frontal lobes, Cortex
Forebrain
Hemispheres connected by the _________
corpus callosum
Left hemisphere controls _________ body side and vice-versa
right
_________ : the study of behavior with brain damage
Neuropsychology
_________ : specific cognitive functions served by specific brain areas
Localization of function
Localization of function: specific cognitive functions served by specific _________
brain areas
_________ : area responsible for producing language (‘telegraphic speech’)
Broca’s area
Broca’s area: area responsible for _________ language (‘telegraphic speech’)
producing
_________ : area responsible for comprehending language (‘word salad’)
Wernicke’s area
Wernicke’s area: area responsible for _________ language (‘word salad’)
comprehending
_________ – emotion regulation / related to anger
-Amygdala
-HM – removed _________ – couldn’t form new memories – anterograde amnesia
amygdala
-HM – removed amygdala – couldn’t form new memories – _________ amnesia
anterograde
_________ – assumes that any given behavior is localized into one area of the brain – the idea that one area of the brain is responsible for one specific function
-Localization of function
-Localization of function – assumes that any given behavior is localized into one area of the brain – the idea that one area of the brain is responsible for _________ function
one specific
_________ – simple direct speech to get message across in the simplest way
Telegraphic speech
Broca’s area: area responsible for producing language (‘_________ ’)
telegraphic speech
Wernicke’s area: area responsible for comprehending language (‘_________ ’)
word salad
Double-dissociations are the ‘_________ ’ in neuropsychology
gold standard
Researchers want to show that one brain area is solely (_________ ) responsible for a single _________
- independently
- function
_________ : damage to brain Area 1 results in Function A being disrupted, but Function B is intact.
Single-dissociation
Single-dissociation: damage to brain Area 1 results in Function A being _________, but Function B is _________ .
- disrupted
- intact
_________ : need to find that damage to Area 2 leaves Function A intact, but Function B is disrupted.
Double-dissociation
Double-dissociation: need to find that damage to Area 2 leaves Function A _________, but Function B is _________ .
- intact
- disrupted
_________ – is a way to double check specific areas responsible for specific behaviors by looking at two different areas rather than just one
Double-dissociation
Double-dissociation – is a way to double check specific areas responsible for specific behaviors by looking at _________ different areas rather than _________
- two
- just one
Brocas and Wernickes - good examples of _________
double dissociation
Brain Imaging-
- Person lays in a scanner and multiple images (_________ ) are taken from the brain
- These slices are ordered by for a _________ brain image
- slices
- 3-D
_________ -
High-resolution, structural images of the brain
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -
High-resolution, _________ images of the brain
structural
_________ -
Measures the reaction of hydrogen atoms after being activated by a magnet
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -
Measures the reaction of _________ atoms after being activated by a _________
- hydrogen
- magnet
_________ -
Provides functional images of brain activity
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
_________ -
A radio-labeled tracer is administered prior to the scan
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
_________ -
Scan represents levels of radioactivity in various parts of a horizontal brain slice
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-
Scan represents levels of radioactivity in various parts of a _________ brain slice
horizontal
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-
‘Hot’ colors represent _________ brain activity
high
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-
‘Cool’ colors represent_________ brain activity
decreased
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) = _________ image
Functional
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) =
-Uses radioactive substance that is injected into _________
blood
_________ -
Provides images of brain structure & function
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -
Provides images of brain _________
structure & function
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -
Like MRI, it uses a strong _________ field
magnetic
_________ -
Measures an increase in oxygen flow to active brain areas
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -
Measures an increase in oxygen flow to _________ brain areas
active
_________ -
BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent ) signal
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -
BOLD (blood _________ level _________ ) signal
- oxygen
- dependent
_________ – structural part is byproduct (not structural, purely functional)
Functional measure
Functional measure – structural part is _________ (not structural, purely _________)
- byproduct
- functional
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -
-measuring _________ blood
oxygenated
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -
Benefits:
- No _________
- Structure & function
- Better _________ resolution than PET
- Can be used to image the _________ brain
- injections
- spatial
- whole
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -
Cons:
- Poor _________ resolution
- Not _________ activity
- temporal
- neural
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -
_________ = response of the blood going to the area being used
Hemodynamic response
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -
Hemodynamic response - ___ Second delay in brain _________
- 8
- activation
fMRI – measuring _________ rather than neural activity
byproduct
_________-
Measures how water moves through bundles of axons (white matter)
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)-
Measures how water moves through _________ of axons (_________)
- bundles
- white matter
_________ -
NOT a measure of neural activity, but rather a tool to alter neural activity
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-
NOT a measure of neural activity, but rather a tool to _________ neural activity
alter
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-
Applies a brief, strong _________ field that alters neural activity.
magnetic
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-
- Can either activate or “deactivate” brain _________
- Observe changes in _________
- structures
- behavior
_________ -
- Can either activate or “deactivate” brain structures
- Observe changes in behavior
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
_________ -
Limited to cortical regions of the brain
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-
Limited to _________ regions of the brain
cortical
_________ processing: steps of a task carried out one at a time
Serial
Serial processing: steps of a task carried out _________
one at a time
_________ processing: many different steps of a task going on at the same time (multi-tasking)
Parallel
Parallel processing: many different steps of a task going on at _________
the same time (multi-tasking)
_________ : groups of neurons or brain structures that are connected together
Neural network