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Cognitive Psychology 317 > Exam 1 - Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

_________ is our connection to the outside world

A

Perception

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2
Q

Perception -

-Transduction of energy from _________ world to the brain

A

external

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3
Q

We often have to solve numerous ‘problems’ for accurate perception, yet often overlook _________

A

difficulties

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4
Q

_________ – wrote the book on psychology

A

William James

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5
Q

_________ – taking one form of energy to another form

A

Transduction

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6
Q

Our perception of an object affects how we _________ with it

A

interact

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7
Q

Difficulty with building accurate perceiving machines

-The stimulus on the receptors is _________

A

ambiguous

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8
Q

_________ Learning - Learning we use all the time, learning used while learning a new hobby or learning in school. Any learning where we are trying to learn or know that we are learning.

A

Explicit

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9
Q

Explicit Learning - Learning we use all the time, learning used while learning a new _________ or learning in school. Any learning where we are trying to learn or _________ that we are learning.

A
  • hobby

- know

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10
Q

_________ Learning - (learning to drive first time)

A

Implicit

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11
Q

_________ Learning

-Cant verbalize the process easily (cant tell how to ride a bike easily)

A

Implicit

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12
Q

Implicit Learning

-Cant verbalize the process easily (cant tell someone how to ride a bike very _________)

A

easily

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13
Q

Implicit Learning - (learning to drive first time)

  • Cant verbalize the process easily (cant tell how to ride a bike easily)
  • _________ learning
A

Motor

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14
Q

-The Perceptual Process-

Remember, vision is the reflection of light from the _________ . The light is transduced into _________ energy by the eye so that it can be sent to the brain.

A
  • object

- electrical

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15
Q

-The Perceptual Process-

Remember, _________ is the reflection of light from the object. The light is _________ into electrical energy by the eye so that it can be sent to the brain.

A
  • vision

- transduced

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16
Q

_________ processing:

Traditionally what we think of with perceptual processing; details bigger picture

A

Bottom-up

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17
Q

_________ processing:

Details –> bigger picture

A

Bottom-up

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18
Q

_________ processing:
Processing that originates in the brain; bigger picture –> details
Perception is driven by knowledge

A

Top-down

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19
Q

_________ processing:

Bigger picture –> details

A

Top-down

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20
Q

_________ processing:

Perception is driven by knowledge

A

Top-down

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21
Q

_________ processing:

Olivia & Torralba (2007)—blob study
Phoneme restoration effect

A

Top-down

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22
Q

_________ -

Many words have no clear boundaries
yet speech segmentation is effortless

A

Top Down Knowledge

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23
Q

_________ : dividing speech into useful segments (e.g., individuals words/word boundaries)

A

Speech segmentation

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24
Q

Speech segmentation:

Speech signal does not have clear _________ for each word, like with think/perceive that it does

A

dividers

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25
Q

_________ : production of each phoneme depends upon the phoneme that precedes/proceeds it

A

Co-articulation

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26
Q

Co-articulation: production of each phoneme depends upon the phoneme that _________ it

A

precedes/proceeds

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27
Q

Speech segmentation:

Speech is variable between _________

A

speakers

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28
Q

Speech segmentation:

Speech is fast
Average speech rate = ____ words/min (15 phonemes/sec)

A

180

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29
Q

Speech segmentation:

Pronunciation differs depending on the prior _________ because of the prior placement of _________ .

A
  • word

- tongue

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30
Q

Co-articulation – tongue is doing a lot of work, if it can make a shortcut it might do it; _________

A

speech errors

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31
Q

_________ – tongue is doing a lot of work, if it can make a shortcut it might do it; speech errors

A

Co-articulation

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32
Q

_________

-Where the tongue is coming from and where its going next

A

Co-articulation

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33
Q

-Unconscious Inference-

_________ -
Realized that the retinal image is ambiguous

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

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34
Q

-Unconscious Inference-

_________ -

Developed the likelihood principle to explain why we assume that we are seeing 2 overlapping rectangles

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

35
Q

-Unconscious Inference-

Hermann von Helmholtz-
Developed the likelihood principle to explain why we assume that we are seeing 2 _________ rectangles

A

overlapping

36
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz-

_________ : the perceptual system prefers the most likely interpretation of a stimulus

A

Likelihood principle

37
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz-

Likelihood principle: the perceptual system prefers the most _________ interpretation of a stimulus

A

likely

38
Q

_________- - Statistical probability / likelihood of seeing an image – guessing/assuming what’s behind the object based on the most expected thing you would see

A

Likelihood principle

39
Q

Likelihood principle - Statistical probability / likelihood of seeing an image – guessing/assuming what’s _________ the object based on the most _________ thing you would see

A
  • behind

- expected

40
Q

Some (Wundt) argued that we perceive as a face because we ‘add up’ the _________ parts

A

individual

41
Q

Gestalt psychologists argue that the ‘whole is different from the _________ of it’s parts’

A

sum

42
Q

_________ psychologists argue that the ‘whole is different from the sum of it’s parts’

A

Gestalt

43
Q

_________ -

Flipbook – still frames look like moving images

A

Gestalt Principles

44
Q

Gestalt Principles

_________ : perception of movement, even though nothing is moving (flip-book)

A

Apparent movement

45
Q

Apparent movement-

Led Gestalt psychologists to come up with the different ways elements are grouped together to create a larger object (principles of _________ organization)

A

perceptual

46
Q

Gestalt Approach to Grouping-

_________ : points, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines that are perceived to belong together (smoothest path)

A

Good continuation

47
Q

Gestalt Approach to Grouping-

Good continuation: points, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines that are perceived to _________ together (_________ path)

A
  • belong

- smoothest

48
Q

Good continuation - If something is going in one direction its _________ to radically change directions, its usually a nice _________ flowing change of direction

A
  • unlikely

- smooth

49
Q

_________ : patterns are perceived so that the resulting object is as simple as possible

A

Good figure (simplicity)

50
Q

Good figure (simplicity): patterns are perceived so that the resulting object is as _________ as possible

A

simple

51
Q

_________ : similar things appear to be grouped together

A

Similarity

52
Q

_________ : near objects are grouped together

A

Proximity

53
Q

_________ : objects moving in the same direction are grouped together

A

Common fate

54
Q

_________ : objects in the same region of space are grouped together

A

Common region

55
Q

_________ : a connected region with the same visual properties (e.g., lightness, color, texture, motion) are grouped together

A

Uniform connectedness

56
Q

The Environment Tends to Be Pretty _________

A

Regular

57
Q

_________ : people better at identifying horizontal/vertical stimuli, since this is what is encountered most

A

Oblique effect

58
Q

Oblique effect: people better at identifying horizontal/ _________ stimuli, since this is what is encountered most

A

vertical

59
Q

Oblique effect –

  • _________ at identifying things vertical and horizontal
  • _________ at identifying things at an angle
A
  • Good

- Bad

60
Q

_________ : pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them

A

Schemas

61
Q

Schemas: pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the _________ among them

A

relationships

62
Q

Schemas – Regular _________ – (coffee shop, go to counter rather than sit down first)

A

patterns

63
Q

It is not surprising that the brain adapts to what it experiences _________

A

regularly

64
Q

_________ : the process of brain ‘changes’ based upon experience

A

Experience-based plasticity

65
Q

_________-

  • Language learning
  • Cat vision (Hubel & Weisel)
A

Experience-based plasticity

66
Q

Perception and action are strongly _________

A

coupled

67
Q

Must accurately perceive an object to _________ with it

A

interact

68
Q

We also consider the ‘_________ ’ when starting an action

A

end-state

69
Q

_________-

“Pick the correct shape to get food.”

A

Object Recognition

70
Q

_________-

“Pick the shape closet to the cylinder to get food.”

A

Landmark Discrimination

71
Q

Damage _________ lobe – Problems with object recognition

A

temporal

72
Q

Damage temporal lobe – Problems with _________

A

object recognition

73
Q

Damage _________ lobe – Problems with landmark discrimination

A

parietal

74
Q

Damage parietal lobe – Problems with _________

A

landmark discrimination

75
Q

Damage temporal and parietal lobe -

Individually they are examples of _________ dissociation
Both together, they are a _________ dissociation

A
  • Single

- Double

76
Q

Damage temporal and parietal lobe -

  • Individually they are examples of Single dissociation
  • Both together, they are a Double dissociation

Suggests that they have an _________ role

A

independent

77
Q

_________ pathway – bottom of brain

A

Ventral

78
Q

Ventral pathway – _________ of brain

A

bottom

79
Q

_________ pathway – top of brain

A

Dorsal

80
Q

Dorsal pathway – _________ of brain

A

top

81
Q

_________ Lobe – Where/How

A

Parietal

82
Q

Parietal Lobe – _________

A

Where/How

83
Q

_________ Lobe - What

A

Temporal

84
Q

Temporal Lobe - _________

A

What

Cognitive Psychology 317 (12 decks)

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