Exam 1 - Chapter 3 Flashcards
_________ is our connection to the outside world
Perception
Perception -
-Transduction of energy from _________ world to the brain
external
We often have to solve numerous ‘problems’ for accurate perception, yet often overlook _________
difficulties
_________ – wrote the book on psychology
William James
_________ – taking one form of energy to another form
Transduction
Our perception of an object affects how we _________ with it
interact
Difficulty with building accurate perceiving machines
-The stimulus on the receptors is _________
ambiguous
_________ Learning - Learning we use all the time, learning used while learning a new hobby or learning in school. Any learning where we are trying to learn or know that we are learning.
Explicit
Explicit Learning - Learning we use all the time, learning used while learning a new _________ or learning in school. Any learning where we are trying to learn or _________ that we are learning.
- hobby
- know
_________ Learning - (learning to drive first time)
Implicit
_________ Learning
-Cant verbalize the process easily (cant tell how to ride a bike easily)
Implicit
Implicit Learning
-Cant verbalize the process easily (cant tell someone how to ride a bike very _________)
easily
Implicit Learning - (learning to drive first time)
- Cant verbalize the process easily (cant tell how to ride a bike easily)
- _________ learning
Motor
-The Perceptual Process-
Remember, vision is the reflection of light from the _________ . The light is transduced into _________ energy by the eye so that it can be sent to the brain.
- object
- electrical
-The Perceptual Process-
Remember, _________ is the reflection of light from the object. The light is _________ into electrical energy by the eye so that it can be sent to the brain.
- vision
- transduced
_________ processing:
Traditionally what we think of with perceptual processing; details bigger picture
Bottom-up
_________ processing:
Details –> bigger picture
Bottom-up
_________ processing:
Processing that originates in the brain; bigger picture –> details
Perception is driven by knowledge
Top-down
_________ processing:
Bigger picture –> details
Top-down
_________ processing:
Perception is driven by knowledge
Top-down
_________ processing:
Olivia & Torralba (2007)—blob study
Phoneme restoration effect
Top-down
_________ -
Many words have no clear boundaries
yet speech segmentation is effortless
Top Down Knowledge
_________ : dividing speech into useful segments (e.g., individuals words/word boundaries)
Speech segmentation
Speech segmentation:
Speech signal does not have clear _________ for each word, like with think/perceive that it does
dividers
_________ : production of each phoneme depends upon the phoneme that precedes/proceeds it
Co-articulation
Co-articulation: production of each phoneme depends upon the phoneme that _________ it
precedes/proceeds
Speech segmentation:
Speech is variable between _________
speakers
Speech segmentation:
Speech is fast
Average speech rate = ____ words/min (15 phonemes/sec)
180
Speech segmentation:
Pronunciation differs depending on the prior _________ because of the prior placement of _________ .
- word
- tongue
Co-articulation – tongue is doing a lot of work, if it can make a shortcut it might do it; _________
speech errors
_________ – tongue is doing a lot of work, if it can make a shortcut it might do it; speech errors
Co-articulation
_________
-Where the tongue is coming from and where its going next
Co-articulation
-Unconscious Inference-
_________ -
Realized that the retinal image is ambiguous
Hermann von Helmholtz
-Unconscious Inference-
_________ -
Developed the likelihood principle to explain why we assume that we are seeing 2 overlapping rectangles
Hermann von Helmholtz
-Unconscious Inference-
Hermann von Helmholtz-
Developed the likelihood principle to explain why we assume that we are seeing 2 _________ rectangles
overlapping
Hermann von Helmholtz-
_________ : the perceptual system prefers the most likely interpretation of a stimulus
Likelihood principle
Hermann von Helmholtz-
Likelihood principle: the perceptual system prefers the most _________ interpretation of a stimulus
likely
_________- - Statistical probability / likelihood of seeing an image – guessing/assuming what’s behind the object based on the most expected thing you would see
Likelihood principle
Likelihood principle - Statistical probability / likelihood of seeing an image – guessing/assuming what’s _________ the object based on the most _________ thing you would see
- behind
- expected
Some (Wundt) argued that we perceive as a face because we ‘add up’ the _________ parts
individual
Gestalt psychologists argue that the ‘whole is different from the _________ of it’s parts’
sum
_________ psychologists argue that the ‘whole is different from the sum of it’s parts’
Gestalt
_________ -
Flipbook – still frames look like moving images
Gestalt Principles
Gestalt Principles
_________ : perception of movement, even though nothing is moving (flip-book)
Apparent movement
Apparent movement-
Led Gestalt psychologists to come up with the different ways elements are grouped together to create a larger object (principles of _________ organization)
perceptual
Gestalt Approach to Grouping-
_________ : points, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines that are perceived to belong together (smoothest path)
Good continuation
Gestalt Approach to Grouping-
Good continuation: points, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines that are perceived to _________ together (_________ path)
- belong
- smoothest
Good continuation - If something is going in one direction its _________ to radically change directions, its usually a nice _________ flowing change of direction
- unlikely
- smooth
_________ : patterns are perceived so that the resulting object is as simple as possible
Good figure (simplicity)
Good figure (simplicity): patterns are perceived so that the resulting object is as _________ as possible
simple
_________ : similar things appear to be grouped together
Similarity
_________ : near objects are grouped together
Proximity
_________ : objects moving in the same direction are grouped together
Common fate
_________ : objects in the same region of space are grouped together
Common region
_________ : a connected region with the same visual properties (e.g., lightness, color, texture, motion) are grouped together
Uniform connectedness
The Environment Tends to Be Pretty _________
Regular
_________ : people better at identifying horizontal/vertical stimuli, since this is what is encountered most
Oblique effect
Oblique effect: people better at identifying horizontal/ _________ stimuli, since this is what is encountered most
vertical
Oblique effect –
- _________ at identifying things vertical and horizontal
- _________ at identifying things at an angle
- Good
- Bad
_________ : pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them
Schemas
Schemas: pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the _________ among them
relationships
Schemas – Regular _________ – (coffee shop, go to counter rather than sit down first)
patterns
It is not surprising that the brain adapts to what it experiences _________
regularly
_________ : the process of brain ‘changes’ based upon experience
Experience-based plasticity
_________-
- Language learning
- Cat vision (Hubel & Weisel)
Experience-based plasticity
Perception and action are strongly _________
coupled
Must accurately perceive an object to _________ with it
interact
We also consider the ‘_________ ’ when starting an action
end-state
_________-
“Pick the correct shape to get food.”
Object Recognition
_________-
“Pick the shape closet to the cylinder to get food.”
Landmark Discrimination
Damage _________ lobe – Problems with object recognition
temporal
Damage temporal lobe – Problems with _________
object recognition
Damage _________ lobe – Problems with landmark discrimination
parietal
Damage parietal lobe – Problems with _________
landmark discrimination
Damage temporal and parietal lobe -
Individually they are examples of _________ dissociation
Both together, they are a _________ dissociation
- Single
- Double
Damage temporal and parietal lobe -
- Individually they are examples of Single dissociation
- Both together, they are a Double dissociation
Suggests that they have an _________ role
independent
_________ pathway – bottom of brain
Ventral
Ventral pathway – _________ of brain
bottom
_________ pathway – top of brain
Dorsal
Dorsal pathway – _________ of brain
top
_________ Lobe – Where/How
Parietal
Parietal Lobe – _________
Where/How
_________ Lobe - What
Temporal
Temporal Lobe - _________
What
